An Orthographie, conteyning the due order and reaſon, howe to write or paint thimage of mannes voice, most like to the life or nature

AN ORTHOgraphie, conteyning the due order and reaſon, howe to write or paint thimage of mannes voice, most like to the life or nature. Compoſed by I. H. Chester Heralt. Iohn Hart.

The contents whereof are next folowing.

Sat cito ſi ſat bene.

Anno. 1569.

{n. p.}

The Table of the Contentes.

The P𝔯eface, wherein is b𝔯ieflye conteyned the reasons, cauſes, commodities, ſumme and effect of this treatise,

What letters are, and of their right vſe. Cap.i.

How ſome men maintaine our abuſed Engliſh w𝔯iting. Cap.ii.

Of the diuerſe vices which vſe maintaineth in our w𝔯iting, and howe they are particularly by reason confuted. Cap.iii.

Of the number of our vowels, and of their auncient ſounds in which they are alwayes vſed in the newe maner hereafter. in which their perfite vſe, our p𝔯eſent abused ſoūd of ſome of them, are found to be Dipthongs. Cap.iiii.

The number of our Conſonants and b𝔯eaths, which we vſe in our ſpeach, with the leauing of ſuperfluous letters, and receyuing of ſuch other as we nede, & examples of their right vſe. Cap.v.

Of the accidentes of vowels, to weete, time, tune and b𝔯eath with examples of Dipthongs and Tripthongs, with an o𝔯der of diſtinction and pointing vſed thereafter. Cap.vi.

An exerciſe (in the newe maner of w𝔯iting) of that which is ſayd, wherein is declared howe the reſt of the Conſonantes are made by the inſtruments of the mouth, which was omitted in the p𝔯emiſſes, fo𝔯 that wee did not much abuſe them. Cap.vii.

Examples how certain other nations do ſound their letters both in Latine and in their mother tongue, thereby to know the better how to p𝔯onounce their ſpeaches, and ſo to reade them as they doe. Cap.viii.

And a table at the ende, whereby the reader of the new maner may eaſilye finde the eſpeciall and perticuler matters conteyned in this booke.

{n. p.}

The Preface, wherein is brieflye conteyned the reaſons, cauſes, commodities, ſumme and effect of this Treatiſe.

WRITING IS A reaſonable marking o𝔯 grauing, o𝔯 laying on of ſome colour differing from the ſuperficies o𝔯 grounde, mind to the beholder, which is inſtructed in that maner. By which definition it appeereth that euery mā may deuiſe his p𝔯iuate maner fo𝔯 himſelfe o𝔯 ſuch other as he will impart it vnto. Cornelius Tacitus 𝔈 Diodorus do w𝔯ite that the Egyptians did firſt vſe the figures of the diuerſe ſubſtance in mannes knowledge, thereby to rep𝔯eſent the actes of P𝔯inces about their Obeliſcos fo𝔯 their poſteritie, and their mindes one to thother liuing: which was a tedious way, and therefo𝔯e are we bound to acknowledge the benefite receyued of the firſt of our p𝔯eſent maner, {A ii} whereby a man may ſignifie and leaue behinde him fo𝔯 euer whatſoeuer he can ſpeake. And what w𝔯iter both neareſt and moſt iuſtly decerne the diuers voices of the ſpeach, he is beſt able to deſcribe and paint the ſame with his pen, which maner of w𝔯iting (fo𝔯 that it is moſt commodious) is treated on hereafter, fo𝔯 by the like, things wo𝔯thie memo𝔯ie, are defended and p𝔯eſerued from all iniury of fo𝔯getfulneſſe, whereby is left vnto vs from right auncient times, of our moſt wo𝔯thy p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s, the moſt holy will of God, and neceſſary doctrines of many of his elect by diuine inſpiration, with many other humaine pollicies and reaſonable inſtructions and counſels w𝔯itten by many wiſe and ſtudious men, and the ſame multiplied by their poſteritie, which by experience we ſee are greatly to the increaſe, no𝔯iture, maintenaunce and defence of the few better ſo𝔯t, from the violence of the barbarous multitude. To the underſtanding whereof, is firſt neceſſary the knowledge of letters, and where moſt of the people doe beſt know them, there is {n. p.} moſt p𝔯oſperitie and beſt aſſuraunce. To which ende is this treatiſe, fo𝔯 the p𝔯ofite of the multitude, and that by opening the windowe whereby is light giuen to decerne betwixt perfection and barbarouſneſſe, ſo as euery reaſonable creature vniuerſally (of what nation ſoeuer vnderſtanding it) may be a perfite iudge howe euerye language ought to bee w𝔯itten. Which is vppon the conſideration of the ſeuerall voices of the ſpeach, and the vſe of their ſeuerall markes fo𝔯 them, which we call letters. But in the moderne 𝔈 p𝔯eſent maner of w𝔯iting (aſwell of certaine other languages as of our Engliſh) there is ſuch confuſion and diſo𝔯der, as it may be accounted rather a kinde of ciph𝔯ing, o𝔯 ſuch a darke kinde of w𝔯iting, as the beſt and readieſt wit that euer hath bene, could, o𝔯 that is o𝔯 ſhalbe, can o𝔯 may, by the only gift of reaſon, attaine to the ready and perfite reading thereof, without a long and tedious labour, fo𝔯 that it is vnfit and w𝔯ong ſhapen fo𝔯 the p𝔯opo𝔯tion of the voice. Whereas the new maner hereafter (thoughe it ſeeme at the firſt very {A iii} ſtraunge, hard and vnp𝔯ofitable) by the reading only therof, will p𝔯oue it ſelfe fit, eaſie and delectable, and that fo𝔯 whatſoeuer Engliſh may be w𝔯ittē in that o𝔯der.

Yet I knowe that ſome at the firſt opening of the booke, and ſeeing of the ſtraunge figures and maner of w𝔯iting, wil ſay, what ſhal we now be ſet to ſchoole againe euen to our A.B.C? then had we liued to long. Here are faire p𝔯omiſes, like to this, that the toppes of trees ſhalbe planted in the grounde, and the rooſes ſp𝔯ed in the aire, and beare ſo their fruits, with ſuch other raſhe deriſions as doe make me laugh when I thinke on them. And ſo conſidering the common opinion of mankinde to be ſo earneſtlye giuen to thimitation of their p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s condicions and maner of doings, and (as it were with tooth and nayle) to maintaine fo𝔯 the beſt, thoſe wherein they themſelues haue bene trayned and vſed from their Cradell, I haue ſtayed from publiſhing hereof many yeares. Fo𝔯 whoſoeuer ſhal ſpeake o𝔯 w𝔯ite fo𝔯 thamendment of anye whatſoeuer their cuſtomes, he ſhall be {n. p.} of the moſt part frowned at, o𝔯 at leaſt his purpoſe accounted to be ſuperfluous and nothing neceſſarie. And will not let at firſt to ſaye, that if anye fault were, it could not be left to theſe our dayes vnco𝔯rected, ſeeing ſo manye wiſe and learned men in many Ages haue bene befo𝔯e vs, and therfo𝔯e it is but folly to lende eye o𝔯 eare therevnto. Which notwithſtanding I traſt it may doe ſome good (though not in my dayes) to the poſteritie, fo𝔯 whoſe ſakes I thinke my labour well beſtowed, fo𝔯 commonlye thinuentions of the liuing, are rather enuied than fauo𝔯ed. You know that euery man is as much bounde to publiſh the thing which he hopeth may p𝔯ofite, as to keepe ſilence of that he doubteth may be hurtfull: 𝔈 that as tranſgreſſo𝔯s of good 𝔈 reaſonable lawes are wo𝔯thily puniſhed, ſo thinuēto𝔯s of p𝔯ofitable things, though not rewarded acco𝔯ding to their deſertes, yet are they of the moſt barbarous people fauo𝔯ed 𝔈 bo𝔯n withall. And as no mā ought to trauell in this life onely o𝔯 chiefly fo𝔯 himſelfe and his next bloud, to the hinderance of others, but fo𝔯 {A iiii} the common welth of his country, though with daunger of life, o𝔯 the p𝔯ice thereof in deede. Who ſo may p𝔯ofite his country in any condicion, and eſpeciallye wyth ſmall coſt and no daunger, he were vnnaturall to be a niggarde thereof: though peraduenture the trauayle, the coſt and time which I haue ſpent in other affaires thereby attaining to the knowledge to be able to compoſe this wo𝔯ke hath bene mo𝔯e deare vnto me than ſome wil think. And I right wel know it can none otherwiſe be allowed, than as the learned ſo𝔯t by Experience (Miſtres of al Arts) ſhall finde it reaſonable and p𝔯ofitable: by whoſe iudgements as well mine aduerſaries as I, muſt of neceſſity be ruled, when time may ſerue, and in the meane while I ſhall be armed with pacience to beare the anger of ſuch as are obſtinately bent to maintaine their cuſtome and vſe.

In any chaunge which is to be attempted in any peoples maner of doings, there is requiſite eyther excelling autho𝔯itie, o𝔯 a good perſwaſion of a common commoditie. The firſt muſt be obeyed what {n. p.} chaunge of any inferiour purpoſe ſoeuer may come therof. And thother is at libertie to be taken o𝔯 refuſed, acco𝔯ding as experience, maye finde it p𝔯ofitable or hurtfull.

Wherefo𝔯e I will nowe ſignifie vnto ſuch as haue not wilfully p𝔯ofeſſed them ſelues to be obſtinate in their cuſtome, that the vſe and experience of tho𝔯der of this following Engliſh O𝔯thographie, ſhall b𝔯ing theſe commodities following. ¹Firſt it ſhall cauſe the naturall Engliſh knowing no letter, to be able to learne to decerne and eaſily to reade (whatſoeuer he may ſee befo𝔯e him ſo w𝔯itten o𝔯 p𝔯inted) ſo ſoone as he were able to learne readily, and perfectly to know and name, the number of figures o𝔯 members of the bodie and ſubſtance of our voice and ſpeach, 𝔈 ſo obſeruing the new o𝔯 ſtraunge o𝔯der hereafter w𝔯itten, the learned man may inſtruct any naturall Engliſh reaſonable creature, to read Engliſh, in one quarter of the time that euer any other hath heretofo𝔯e bene taught to reade, by any fo𝔯mer maner. And in what leſſe time, and {B i} how much mo𝔯e eaſie and readie, it will be fo𝔯 the w𝔯iter o𝔯 P𝔯inter, Reader and hearer, I will not w𝔯ite, but leaue it to the iudgement of the Reader, of the ſayd following treatiſe, and to the experience it ſelfe as occaſion ſhall ſerue.

²Secondly, if anye man of one o𝔯 other nation, would gladly learne to p𝔯onounce any ſtraunge ſpeach which is accuſtomed to be w𝔯itten ſo confuſely, as it were (of neceſſitie) only to be learned by the liuely voice, and not able to be red by any o𝔯der of their w𝔯iting, as maye be ſayed of the Welſh and Iriſh, yet vſing tho𝔯der hereafter, he ſhall be able to w𝔯ite eyther of them (o𝔯 any other like) euen as iuſtly in the leaſt voice, ſound o𝔯 b𝔯eath, as it ſhall be naturallye ſpoken vnto him, and ſo read it againe perfitely, when and where ſoeuer he may ſee it, though many yeares thereafter, and though he vunderſtoode no wo𝔯de therof, and that by the reaſon hereafter ſhewed. Whereas by our p𝔯eſent diſo𝔯der it often happeneth that a verye good iudgement, maye doubt in what ſound, many a wo𝔯d ſhoulde be p𝔯onounced, {n. p.} vntill by reaſon of the ſentence it bee founde, and many a man doth ſcantlye know how the w𝔯iting of his owne name ſhould be ſounded, by which diſo𝔯ders and confuſions, there can be made no perfite Dictionarie no𝔯 Grammer, which are very commodious fo𝔯 any ſtraunger that deſireth to learne our tongue by Arte, o𝔯 fo𝔯 the rude to learne to ſpeake well, as euery childe that hath learned his Latine Grammer knoweth.

³Thirdly, we ſhould not néede to vſe aboue the two thirdes o𝔯 th𝔯ée quarters at moſt, of the letters which we are nowe conſtreyned to vſe, and ſo ſaue the one third, o𝔯 at leaſt the one quarter, of the paper, ynke, and time which we now ſpend ſuperfluouſly in w𝔯iting and p𝔯inting.

⁴And laſt of all, Engliſh Latiniſmes maye hereby vnderſtand, the Italian and high Dutch and Welſhe p𝔯onounciation of their letters, which by p𝔯eſumption is verie neare as the auncient Gréekes and Latines did, being acco𝔯ding to tho𝔯der and reaſon of their p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s firſt inuention of them, whereby our e𝔯o𝔯s are {B ii} the better perceyued, and in the ende of the booke a certaine example how the Italian, high Dutch, French, and Spanyard doe vſe to p𝔯onounce Latine and their owne languages. Truly the commodities afo𝔯eſaid (which I perſwade my ſelf may follow) and the hinderance and confuſion wherein I ſée we are, doe cauſe me to put it into light: to thend ſuch as are able to be iudges, may be occaſioned to conſider therof. Whoſe like (I meane the learned ſo𝔯t) haue bene in times paſt, cauſers of our p𝔯eſent maner of w𝔯iting, by turning their penne to adde o𝔯 diminiſh, alter o𝔯 chaunge, as they thought méete into other letters and carracts, much differing from the olde Saxon maner. And the liuing doe knowe themſelues no further bounde to this our inſtant maner, than our p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s were to the Saxon letters and w𝔯iting, which hath bene altered as the ſpeach hath chaunged, much differing from that which was vſed with in theſe fiue hund𝔯eth, I maye ſay within theſe two hund𝔯eth yeares: which I conſidered of about. xx. yeares paſſed, and {n. p.} thought it wo𝔯th my labour, if I coulde finde the meane of remedie, of our p𝔯eſent abuſe. And ſo framed a treatiſe therevppon, and would then it had bene publiſhed, but I am the gladder it hath bene ſtayed vntill this time, wherein ſo well a learned gentilman, in yͤ Gréeke 𝔈 Latine tongues, 𝔈 trauailed in certain vulgares, ſir Thomas Smith knight, hath w𝔯itten his minde, touching this matter, in hys booke of late ſet fo𝔯th in Latin, entituled, De recta & emendata linguæ Anglicæ ſcriptione. Wherof and of this my treatiſe, the ſumme, effect, and ende is one. Which is, to vſe as many letters in our w𝔯iting, as we doe voyces o𝔯 b𝔯eathes in ſpeaking, and no mo𝔯e: and neuer to abuſe one fo𝔯 another, and to w𝔯ite as we ſpeake: which we muſt néedes doe if we will euer haue our w𝔯iting perfite; and fo𝔯 ſuch voices, ſoundes o𝔯 b𝔯eaths, as we haue no fit Carracts, markes o𝔯 letters, we may without offence to God o𝔯 reaſonable man, chuſe and vſe, fit new markes o𝔯 letters fo𝔯 euerye of them, and ſo we maye be duely ſerued at our néede: and {B iii} not be d𝔯iuen to abuſe any one, in two o𝔯 th𝔯ée ſoundes, as we nowe doe diuerſe. Which I finde as reaſonable as if a Player of a Comedie o𝔯 Tragedie, woulde appoint the partes of the father, mother and childe, to be played all by one perſon, vnder one cote o𝔯 gowne, and one name, I confeſſe the beholders ſight ſhoulde be the leſſe troubled with diuers ſhapes and colours, o𝔯 with diuerſitie of their names but what a confuſion, and how much it woulde hinder the audience from the ſenſe of the matter (though the perſonage could well counterfeit th𝔯ée diuers voyces) I repo𝔯t me vnto you: yet matter, after often ſéeing and hearing therof.

Herein ſhall be ſhewed you, the auncient vſe, power and ſound of euery letter, by examples in diuerſe languages, and which letters, and how, they are by vs and certaine other nations abuſed, ſo as ſuch as doe vnderſtand the ſayde languages ſhall nothing doubt therof.

Hiſto𝔯ies do ſhow vs, that the Heb𝔯ues {n. p.} (being the moſt auncient nation) co𝔯rupted their ſpeaches and w𝔯iting whyles they were captiues in Babilon.

And that the Romaines, gouerning in maner the whole wo𝔯lde, conſtreyned ſuch of euery nation of their ſubiection, as they would vſe to deale with, fo𝔯 their trafficke and affay𝔯es, to learne, vſe and exerciſe the Romanine o𝔯 Latine tongue and w𝔯iting, the beſt they coulde, though rudely and much co𝔯rupted, the Romaines tooke paines therewith, rather than to be d𝔯iuen to learne the fo𝔯ren and vnruled maner of ſpeach and w𝔯iting, which they termed barbarous, as we, the French, and others, doe account of the Welſh and Iriſh tongues: In whoſe maner of w𝔯iting, peraduenture there is better o𝔯der kept, than anye of vs afo𝔯eſayd doe.

And in like maner, the Romaynes afterwards, being inuaded by the Gothes, Vandaloys, Lumbardes and French men, by ſucceſſe of time, chaunged their ruled Latine to a vulgar Italian, which is alſo now much differing from the beginning {n. p.} o𝔯 firſt hund𝔯ed yeares vſe therof, as in ſpeach, ſo in w𝔯iting.

Whereby you may vnderſtand, that euery nation doth frame hir toung to hir ſpeach the beſt ſhe may, acco𝔯ding to the right vſe of letters: which the moſt valiant and ſtout champion and maintayner of vſe and cuſtome, can not denie: as I ſhall immediatly hereafter ſhewe you by their weake reaſons and argumentes which they are accuſtomed to make: and how they haue bene and may be aunſwered. And that in this p𝔯eſent maner of w𝔯iting, vnto the end of the vi. Chapter, whereby you maye be ſufficiently p𝔯epared, to reade that which ſhall thereafter folow in my purpoſed new maner: which is p𝔯inted with certaine ſuch new figures o𝔯 letters as I could beſt deuiſe, both readye fo𝔯 the hande to w𝔯ite, and eaſie to p𝔯int, and that, to ſhow you thexperience fo𝔯thwith, of the eaſe and commodities therof. Which I doubt not, but the tractable will with an vpright iudgement read, and take a little paines to accuſtome himſelf to the due ſounds of euery vowel, {n. p.} Diphthong and Conſonant fo𝔯 the firſt two o𝔯 th𝔯ée leaues, and as he ſhall ſée cauſe ſo to doe, and who ſo liſt not, he is at his choyſe to leaue. And doe deſire no further that any man ſhould vnderſtand my ſayd purpoſe, than as he may thinke to take ſome p𝔯ofite thereof, whereof I woulde be glad, and ſo𝔯ye to offende any man, eſpecially any reaſonable and vertuous man, fo𝔯 the reſt, who can auoyde their murmuring.

Vale.

{C i}

What letters are, and of their right vſe. The firſt Chapter.

IF I ſhould w𝔯ite of the inuenters of letters, wherein Authours are ſo variable, you might ſaye I followed their vncertaintie, which though we knew, I ſée not what pleaſure o𝔯 p𝔯ofite it mought do vs. Wherefo𝔯e it ſhall be ſufficient to vnderſtand (as experience teacheth vs) that the inuento𝔯s of letters whatſoeuer they were, had a regard to mans voyce: conſidering how many diuerſe ſimple wayes he might vſe his tongue and lippes with his voice in his ſpeach, which haue bene called Elementes, and that firſtly. Fo𝔯 as the foure Elementes are the matter and ſubſtance of all thinges that are made in bodies and ſhapes, ſo are the ſimple voyces the partes, whereof the whole and round wo𝔯d and ſentences are compoſed and made. Fo𝔯 the noting and marking wherof, certaine men in diuerſe and ſund𝔯ie peoples and nations haue inuented {n. p.} variable kindes of letters, ech with their perfite difference fo𝔯 euerye differing voyce: whereby it appeareth that as the voyces in ſpeaking doe make a wo𝔯de, ſo the letters ſhall doe the like in w𝔯iting: ſéeing the voyces are as Elementes and the letters their markes and figures. The ſimple voyce is the leaſt part o𝔯 member of a ſpeach, and the letter wée may wel call a maner of painting of that member fo𝔯 which it is w𝔯itten, whoſe quantitie and qualitie is p𝔯eſented to the vnderſtanding thereby, and ſo the diuers members of the ſpeach ought therefo𝔯e to haue eche his ſeuerall marke. Whereby is gathered that euen as euery body is to be reſolued into thoſe Elements whereof it is compoſed, ſo euery wo𝔯d is to be vndone into theſe voices only whereof it is made. Séeing then that letters are the figures and colours wherewith the image of mans voice is painted, you are fo𝔯ced to graunt the w𝔯iting ſhould haue ſo many letters as the ſpeach hath voyces, and no mo𝔯e no𝔯 leſſe: ſo that if it be founde otherwiſe, fo𝔯 the abuſion and falſeneſſe {C ii} thereof it is to be refuſed. Of which minde was Quintilian, as it appeareth in the xii. Chapter of his firſt booke, noting the cuſtome of abuſed w𝔯itinges, when he ſayeth. ⁵Ego (non quod conſuetudo obtinuerit) ſic ſcribendum quicque iudico quomodo ſonat. Hic enim eſt vſus literarum, vt cuſtodiant voces, & velut depoſitum reddant legentibus. Itaque id exprimere debent quod dicturi ſumus. Which ſignifieth, I doe not allowe that which cuſtome may haue obtained. But doe iudge that all thinges ought to be w𝔯itten as it ſoundeth. This truly is thuſe of letters, that they ſhoulde kéepe the voyces and yéelde them againe vnto the Readers as a pawne o𝔯 gage truſted vnto them to that ende: So they ought to exp𝔯eſſe that which we woulde ſay. You ſée that Quintilian would haue the w𝔯iting to be framed to the ſpeaking, and howe the letter ought to kéepe the voyce, and not to be ydle, vſurped in ſound o𝔯 to be miſplaced. Which diſo𝔯ders euery nation and people muſt of neceſſity leane and fo𝔯ſake, if they will haue their {n. p.} w𝔯iting perfite, eaſie, and pleaſant to be read. Which compaſſe they muſt take, and vſe as infallible and certaine, to lead them the right courſE to be b𝔯ought into the deſired hauen, I meane into the moſt perfite way of w𝔯iting, aſſured from all offences of rockes o𝔯 ſandes, in reading whatſoeuer variable blaſtes of contrary windes rooted in abuſe, may riſe agaynſt them to d𝔯iue them therefrom. It muſt be our weight and meaſure, touchſtone and fire to p𝔯one our w𝔯iting, 𝔈 thereby to trie with a perfite ſigght 𝔈 iudgement whether it be ſuch as we may find therin the ſame number of letters in w𝔯iting which wée vſe of voyces in ſpeaking, without anye ſcrupuloſitie, of cuſtome, time, deriuation o𝔯 difference, as ſhall be mo𝔯e at large ſayde hereafter, and that after tho𝔯der of Phiſicke, which is, firſt to vnderſtand the complexion, diſpoſition and parts of the body, and then to know the nature of the cauſes which doe offende, whereby the Docto𝔯 may p𝔯océede without daunger to miniſter purgations of the vicious humo𝔯s, with certaine remedies, and then {C iii} to p𝔯eſcribe the patient a wholeſome diet and o𝔯der to be p𝔯eſerued from falling into the like againe.

How ſome men maintaine our abuſed Engliſh writing. The. ii. Chapter.

Nowe befo𝔯e I open the particular vices and abuſe in our Engliſh w𝔯iting, I will recite the chiefeſt of thobiections, which my contraries vſe. Some of them b𝔯ing fo𝔯th ſuch ſmal reaſons (wo𝔯ſe than Co𝔯inths) as it were but labo𝔯 loſt to w𝔯ite them.

But others there are which maintaine our ſuperfluitie of letters in w𝔯iting with foure arguments, wherein is ſome likelyhoode of reaſon.

⁶The firſt is vnder p𝔯etence to ſhew the deriuation and ſp𝔯ing of ſome wo𝔯des borower o𝔯 taken fo𝔯th of ſtrange tongues.

⁷Another is, that it ſhould be lawfull to abuſe ſome letters to put a difference betwixt equiuoces o𝔯 wo𝔯des of one ſounde. {n. p.}

⁸The thirde is fo𝔯 the time of vowels.

⁹But their ſtrongeſt defence (which comp𝔯ehendeth all) and that wherin they moſt triumph, is vſe, wherof I will firſt ſpeake generallye vntill I haue occaſion by the perticulars. As I haue communed with ſome of them, firſt like friendes they would perſwade me, not to ſpeake of any miſuſe in our Engliſh w𝔯iting, which (they ſaye) is of late b𝔯ought to ſuch a perfection as neuer the lyke was befo𝔯e. Yet I ſtayed not therewith fro my purpoſe, but woulde aunſwere them partly with the reaſons in my P𝔯eface. Then woulde they further replie, the power and ſoundes of ſome letters, haue bene ouer long double, fo𝔯 nowe to be receyued ſingle, whatſoeuer they were aunciently: fo𝔯 that which vſe by little and little and with long continuance b𝔯ingeth into any peoples maner of doings, is neuer ſpoken o𝔯 w𝔯itten againſt without great offence to the multitude: which will be ten folde mo𝔯e ſtiffenecked to receyue any newe letters than a teame of wilde Stéeres would be at firſt to receyue the bearing of {C iiii} their yokes. Though thexperience ſhould p𝔯oue it to be verye beneficiall to their poſteritie, ſo much they are offended at all innouations. Wherefo𝔯e you may doe well to depo𝔯t you from further ſpeaking therof. Such diſcouragings woulde they vſe, as others yet doe, and I know will, as men grieued at the amendment of any thing.

Yet you may ſée, they cannot deny, but plainly confeſſe the vices in the co𝔯ruption of the ſound of letters, which we haue in vſe, fo𝔯 want of others to ſignify the ful number of our voyces, and how they are but crept in amongſt our p𝔯edeceſſours, long ſince the firſt inuention of letters, which therefo𝔯e may the better be ſpoken againſt: otherwiſe all ſinne and vice which is naturally in the fleſhe, and of longeſt vſed, ought not by their reaſon to be ſpoken againſt, yet they may ſay, we haue the law of Nature in our harts, and the commaundement of God, w𝔯itten to teach vs what we ought to doe, and leaue vndone. So ſay I, that like as the law of nature in our hearts, and commaundements {n. p.} of God w𝔯itten, doe teache vs a pureneſſe of life to rep𝔯eſent the nature of God, wherfo𝔯e he created vs: ſo ought the law of Reaſon which is in vs, to turn our handes to o𝔯der iuſtly, thoſe figures and letters which we ſhal make, to rep𝔯eſent the voyces of our p𝔯onounciation, wherfo𝔯e we w𝔯ite them: 𝔈 not to vſurpe others powers, o𝔯 be ydle in their owne: o𝔯 fo𝔯 want of better example of our p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s, to po𝔯traict a monſtrous figure, wanting ſuch members as are manifeſt in the voice. Fo𝔯 ſuch an abuſed and vicious w𝔯iting, b𝔯ingeth confuſion and vncertaintie in the reading, and therefo𝔯e is iuſtly to be refuſed, and the vicious parts therof cut away, as are the ydle o𝔯 offenſiue members, in a politike common welth: o𝔯 of trées o𝔯 vines, in any mans ground: and other fruitfull and ſeruiceable receyued, fauo𝔯ed, and conueniently ſet in their places. Further maye they ſaye, though it ſhoulde be neuer ſo p𝔯ofitable, and allowed of al thoſe learned and reaſonable men, which woulde take the paines to reade your reaſons, and thinke {D i} well of them: yet the common people, wil aſſoone receiue a new maner of ſpeaking, as of w𝔯iting of that they ſpeake: and therefo𝔯e it is but winde loſt, to ſpeake of any vſe of letters in ſingle ſoundes, ſéeing they are receiued, and allowed fo𝔯 double o𝔯 treble: o𝔯 of anye contentation, to receyue any new figures, o𝔯 knowledge of Accentes, ſéeing we are contented with the p𝔯eſent maner now accuſtomed. Yet can I not be ſo diſſwaded, in hope it may like the learned and reaſonable, o𝔯 at leaſt giue them occaſion to put pen to the paper, fo𝔯 the amendment of our p𝔯eſent e𝔯o𝔯s: acco𝔯ding to the ſaying of Cicero in his Paradoxis ad M. Brutum. videlicet. Nihil eſt tam incredibile, quod non dicendo fiat probabile: nihil tam ho𝔯idum, tam incultum quod non ſplendeſcat oratione, & tanquā excolatur. Which ſignifieth, there is nothing ſo incredible, but by declaration may be found p𝔯obable: nothing so te𝔯ible, ſo rough and vnfruitfull, but by reaſonable perſwaſion maye be clenſed, made pleaſant and p𝔯ofitable. And a little after, Cicero {n. p.} declaring that he tooke in hande to ſpeake of thoſe things, which the Stoikes did in no wiſe allow of, and by the way of paſtime, to treate of certaine common places, which (bicauſe they were maruelous o𝔯 ſtraunge, and againſt the opinion of al men) they called Paradoxa. Which he purpoſed to p𝔯oue, what effect his ſayings might take: and that it might be tried, what difference there was betwixt a learned and a vulgar perſwaſion. Which Paradoxa he p𝔯oued true, thereby ſhewing what learning was able to doe amongſt the rude multitude.

Tongues haue often chaunged (as it is ſayd in the P𝔯eface) then if occaſion in the fancies of men, haue had power to chaunge tongues, much mo𝔯e Reaſon ſhould co𝔯rect the vicious w𝔯iting of the ſpeach, wherein (as in all thinges) vſe ſhoulde none otherwiſe take place, than experience p𝔯oueth it to be reaſonable and p𝔯ofitable, and the contrarie to be taken fo𝔯 abouſe o𝔯 miſuſe. And therefo𝔯e hath mankinde the vſe of Reaſon (aboue dumb beaſtes) to ſearche the knowledge of the {D ii} meanes, to lyue in a perfection, and to do all thinges as he ought fo𝔯 his welth. Which whoſoeuer ſhoulde goe about to reſiſt, may be right well accounted to be enimie both to God and mankinde. Then let them reſiſt and ſwell, as their nature is: yet ſhal it be as eaſie fo𝔯 them to make the ſeas faire medowes, as to make naturall things to be founde vnnaturall, o𝔯 conuert the nature of vice to be vertue in déede, what faire face o𝔯 ſhewe ſoeuer it may beare. Wherefo𝔯e as wiſedome biddeth vs to continue in ſuch of our olde faſhions, o𝔯 in others newly inuēted, which doe leade vs eaſily and without confuſion, to that But and ende, whervnto we purpoſe, and to rep𝔯oue thoſe which ſhould b𝔯ing troubles and lets in the way, to a confuſible and vncertaine maner of doing: ſo when we maye amende eyther newe o𝔯 auncient maner, from the trouble and vnperfection of them, I thinke that a verie little head (if it be not wholy ydle) will ſay, that their iudgement is of very foly o𝔯 madneſſe, which ſhall ſpeake againſt the plaine and perfite way to the {n. p.} ende p𝔯etended. And that we ought to haue none other reſpect vnto our late cuſtomes, o𝔯 thoſe which we holde of long times, o𝔯 ſéeme to be from euer, then as they ſhall be agréeing to reaſon and experience: which ought to be rule all thinges. Now that I haue w𝔯itten of vſe in generall, here followe the particuler vices which may be in w𝔯iting: in ſuch o𝔯der as the courſe of the matter doth lead, wherein I ſhall ſhew their defences made fo𝔯 deriuation, difference and time.

Of the diuers vices which vſe maintaineth in our writing, and how they are particularly by reaſon confuted. Cap. iii.

A Writing may be co𝔯rupted foure wayes.

The firſt is by diminution.

The ſeconde by ſuperfluitie, 𝔈 that th𝔯ée wayes, videlicet, fo𝔯 time, deriuation, and difference. {D iii}

The third is by vſurpation of one letter fo𝔯 another.

And the fourth and laſt, is by miſplacing and diſo𝔯dering of them.

Fo𝔯 the firſt, a ¹⁰diminution is, when a w𝔯iting wanteth ſufficient markes, fo𝔯 the voices of the ſpeach, whereby the w𝔯iter is fo𝔯ced to vſurpe one figure in two o𝔯 mo𝔯e voyces, as a vowell to be made to ſerue in two ſoundes, eyther of two vowels, o𝔯 of vowell and Diphthong, o𝔯 any one Diphthong o𝔯 double ſounde, to be w𝔯itten fo𝔯 the longer time of one ſimple voice o𝔯 ſound of a vowell: o𝔯 any vowell to be abuſed in thoffice of a conſonant: o𝔯 fo𝔯 anye conſonant of one ſhape, to bée made to ſupplie thoffice of two voices o𝔯 ſounds: o𝔯 the figure of the b𝔯eath, to be applied to any one conſonant, to make hir loſe hir accuſtomed ſounde, whereas the figure of the Aſpiration, doth giue (o𝔯 ought to giue naturally, and as it behoueth) vs knowledge onely, when anye vowell o𝔯 Diphthong ſhould haue a harder b𝔯eath befo𝔯e o𝔯 after it, then by the reaſon of hir p𝔯oper ſhape ſhe ought to {n. p.} haue. All which faults, by reaſon of want of p𝔯oper letters, we doe commit: whereby the Reader is b𝔯ought to great doubts: as ſhalbe mo𝔯e at large ſaid hereafter.

¹¹Secondly, a w𝔯iting is co𝔯rupted when any wo𝔯de o𝔯 ſillable hath mo𝔯e letters, than are vſed of voyces in the p𝔯onunciation: whereby also yͤ w𝔯iting muſt néedes be falſe: 𝔈 cauſe to the vnexpert that voice to be p𝔯onounced in reading, which is not in the wo𝔯de in ſpeaking. This abuſe is great: partly without p𝔯ofite o𝔯 neceſſitie, and but onely to fill vp the paper in w𝔯iting: o𝔯 the Compoſito𝔯s line in p𝔯inting: to make a garniſhing o𝔯 furniſhing therof with ſuperfluous letters, to ſatiſfie the eye to another ende than it ought: o𝔯 the fancies of others fo𝔯 deriuations and differences: and partly vppon a reaſonable cauſe, which is fo𝔯 time¹², when the vowell ſhoulde be longer ſounded in one place than in another: which I confeſſe we are fo𝔯ced to foe, and is neceſſary, ſo long as we vſe to double our vowels fo𝔯 other ſoundes than their owne, and will not vſe to double them, fo𝔯 the longer {D iiii} quantitie of their p𝔯oper ſounds, no𝔯 doe ſo much as to vſe a marke to ſignifie the ſame longer time: as other perfite w𝔯itings of other tongues haue. But fo𝔯 deriuation o𝔯 difference, there is neyther neceſſitie, no𝔯 commoditie to d𝔯iue vs therevnto in any reſpect: and fo𝔯 time, I truſt there is ſufficient remedie in my new maner of w𝔯iting: thereby to be eaſed of the abuſe wherin we now are. ¹³Fo𝔯 the opinion to maintaine a certaine ſuperfluitie of letters, to ſhew the deriuations of wo𝔯des from any ſtraunge language of ours, it is euen as we woulde not haue any ſtraunger to be conuerſant, no𝔯 dwell amongſt vs, though he be a frée Deniſon, and is fully bent to liue and die with vs to thend of his life: except (of a certaine fond curioſitie) he ſhould weare continually ſome mark, to be knowē whence he is, I think, to thend we ſhould be able to know thereby how to refuſe him when ſome of vs liſted. Otherwiſe if he may be accounted as one of ours? Why ſhoulde he not be framed in euery condicion as we are? that is, to ſhew himſelf, appeare {n. p.} and be in very déede, naturall in euerye condition, as we are, and leaue all his colours, o𝔯 markes of ſtraungeneſſe, fo𝔯 ſo the French doe terme it, when any ſo𝔯ren is ſo receiued amongſt them, they cal him naturallized. ¹⁴Yet will my contraries ſay that it is méete to be ſuperfluous in w𝔯iting, firſt fo𝔯 the knowledge whēce the wo𝔯d is deriued: ¹⁵and beſides, that we are bound, to leaue ſome letter o𝔯 letters, in the wo𝔯ds which we bo𝔯owe of other tongues, though we ſounde them not: to be as of duetie, fo𝔯 a continuall knowledging and rememb𝔯ance, of the p𝔯ofite receyued: euen as euery Gentilman is knowne by his armes, which are duelye belonging to him. Yet haue they ſayd little fo𝔯 the purpoſe, except they can certifie vs, how we are bound vnto it, and of the p𝔯ofite of ſuch méerneſſe and conueniency of w𝔯iting of any ſuperfluous letter, to know whence yͤ wo𝔯d is deriued, as men are by their armes. ¹⁶Firſt if it were conuenient o𝔯 méete, it is fo𝔯 ſome p𝔯ofite, we ſhould receyue therby in vſing it: o𝔯 to auoyde ſome diſpleaſure o𝔯 loſſe in leauing {E i} it, as fo𝔯 the p𝔯ofite, we ſée none, but contrarywiſe great diſcommoditie, in diſo𝔯d𝔯ing our w𝔯iting from our p𝔯onunciation: to the great let, trouble 𝔈 hinderance, both of the w𝔯iter and reader. ¹⁷Secondly, if there mought come any diſpleaſure, by leauing it vndone, it muſt be miniſtred by thoſe nations, whoſe wo𝔯ds we ſo borow: and that vpon a malice conceyued againſt vs fo𝔯 w𝔯iting of their ſpeach, otherwiſe than they doe. Such like (wo𝔯ſe than b𝔯ute) fantaſies if any people had, I think they woulde be much mo𝔯e cholerick, fo𝔯 miſpeaking of their ſpeach, than fo𝔯 miſw𝔯iting thereof: fo𝔯 that it maye much mo𝔯e offend them: as when a ſmatterer of their ſpeach ſhoulde talke vnto them, ſo as they coulde not thereby conceyue his intention, rather than if his w𝔯itings were giuen them, wherein the wo𝔯des which we haue bo𝔯rowed of them were not w𝔯itten with ſome difference, mo𝔯e after their vſe than our p𝔯onunciation. Fo𝔯 if all their wo𝔯ds therein were w𝔯itten tho𝔯owly as their owne hande would, yet without vnderſtanding of the {n. p.} reſt, which ſhoulde be fo𝔯 our mother tongue, they ſhall ſo well know what the matter meaneth, as I knowe the great Turkes thoughts. Wherefo𝔯e if any people, could be angry with this matter, they ſhould much ſooner be grieued, with the otherwiſe ſpeaking than the otherwiſe w𝔯iting: yet of neyther, I thinke any people were euer ſo enuious as to complaine. And fo𝔯 the reaſon of armes, there is no ſuch conuenience o𝔯 duetie in w𝔯iting of a ſtraunge wo𝔯d, fo𝔯 lyke as euery ſtraunger that any P𝔯ince receyueth to be imployed in his ſeruice, what armes ſoeuer his houſe doth giue, he beareth notwithſtanding the generall marke wherwith the P𝔯inces naturall ſubiects are knowen from his aduerſaries: ſo ought the ſtraunge wo𝔯de (of what language ſoeuer) haue the generall and perfite marke of the Idiomate, whereinto it is receyued, euen as in ſpeach, ſo in w𝔯iting. And like as two Gentlemen Aliens of one houſe and armes, may ſéeke their aduentures, and ſerue two P𝔯inces enimies, and differ their conditions, ſo {E ii} much from their naturall, as the time and maner of the countrie ſhall miniſter occaſion, and that without rep𝔯oche of any reaſonable man: ſo may euery nation vſe others wo𝔯ds, as they maye beſt frame their tongue therevnto, the w𝔯iting whereof ought to be acco𝔯dingly, without any ſcrupuloſitie. Thus we ſée no méeteneſſe o𝔯 conuenience, fo𝔯 the obſeruing of ſuperfluous letters in deriuations.

¹⁸Now let vs vnderſtande what bondes we be in, if we be bounde, it is eyther by the law of nature, o𝔯 by ſome maner of agréement of peoples one with thother. As fo𝔯the law of nature (which is to doe as we would be done vnto) I truſt there is none Engliſh man but woulde be contented that any nation ſhould bo𝔯owe of our language part o𝔯 all: and vſe it both in their ſpeach and w𝔯iting, as they mought beſt ſerue and pleaſe themſelues therewith. What ſhould it grieue vs? but euen as the ſhining of the ſunne vpon any other countrie beſides ours. And fo𝔯 any bonde o𝔯 agréement betwixt peoples, you {n. p.} know well there hath bene none ſuch, if there had, it ſhould haue bene but vnreaſonable and cruell. And further, it ſhould haue bene general fo𝔯 all wo𝔯ds bo𝔯owed, of what tongue ſoeuer, as well as fo𝔯 a fewe bo𝔯owed of ſome tongues. Then ſhould we haue w𝔯itten yet much wo𝔯ſe than we now doe: fo𝔯 the ſubſtance of our tongue, is deriued from the Dutch o𝔯 Saxon tongue: from which we differ in our w𝔯iting (and that neceſſarilye) ſo much, that the French tongue w𝔯itten, is as eaſie to the Saxons as our Engliſh, o𝔯 the Frenche o𝔯 Saxon to vs: wherefo𝔯e mo𝔯e méete it is, we ſhould ſo differ from them to our iuſt p𝔯onunciation (and that aſwell in all wo𝔯ds bo𝔯owed of whatſoeuer tongue) than to w𝔯ite as they doe, wholy o𝔯 partly from our ſpeaking. Fo𝔯 any affection we haue vnto deriuation, what coulde we varie from our p𝔯onunciation in theſe wo𝔯ds: Thou haſt a good grandfather, except we would w𝔯ite the verie Saxon tongue as thus, Du habſt ein gut groſzvatter. The like is it fo𝔯 Mother, B𝔯other, Siſter, Sonne, and {E iii} Daughter. Which they w𝔯ite, Můtter, Brůder, Schweſter, Son, vnd Tochter, and infinite other ſimple wo𝔯ds, as ſuch as vnderſtande the tongue, doe well know. And many ſentences ſo néere, as we knowe not what other o𝔯der to vſe, then to w𝔯ite them the beſt we can as we ſpeake them, except we woulde w𝔯ite the Saxon it ſelfe, as thus, a naturall B𝔯other by Father and Mother wil liue with b𝔯otherly loue, ein natürlicher Brůder von Vatter vnd Můtter, wil laben mit Brůderlich lieb. Wherefo𝔯e ſhoulde we be any mo𝔯e ſcrupulous, in the w𝔯iting of any wo𝔯ds deriued from other tongues, than we are of thoſe? Some thinke the Scottiſh ſpeach mo𝔯e auncient Engliſhe than as we now ſpeake here in England, yet there is no liuing Engliſh man, ſo much affected to w𝔯ite his Engliſh as they doe Scottiſh, which they w𝔯ite as they ſpeake, and that in manye wo𝔯des, mo𝔯e neare the Latine, from whence both we and they doe deriue them, as fruct fo𝔯 fruit, and fructfull fo𝔯 fruitfull, diſponed fo𝔯 diſpoſed o𝔯 di ſtributed, humely {n. p.} fo𝔯 humbly, nummer fo𝔯 number, pulder fo𝔯 pouder, ſaluiour fo𝔯 ſauiour, and compt fo𝔯 account, and diuerſe others, wherein we p𝔯onounce not thoſe letters which they do, 𝔈 therefore w𝔯ite them not as reaſon is. Yet in others we do excéede with them, as the b in doubt, c and h in aucthoritie, i in ſouldiour, o in people, ſ in baptiſme, p in co𝔯ps, and in condempned, and certaine like. And whereas of this wo𝔯de Campus, fo𝔯 the place where an hoſt of men doe lie, is ſayde of the French, le caump, of vs and the Scottes men, the camp, yet doe we diuerſlye deriue other wo𝔯des therefrom of one ſenſe as the French doe call the fields of co𝔯ne, les çhaumps, and a good wa𝔯iour vng çhaumpion, which we w𝔯ite and ſaye, a champion, but the Scots men campioun. The French ſayth, eſçhappe, the Scots, çhapit, and we ſcaped, whereby you may ſée there is no cauſe fo𝔯 deriuation to vſe any ſuperfluous letters in w𝔯iting, when as the voice is not ſpoken.

¹⁹Then fo𝔯 difference, which is their laſt defence, wherwith they maintain exceſe {E iiii} of letters in w𝔯iting, they p𝔯etende it conuenient fo𝔯 two cauſes: ²⁰the firſt is fo𝔯 a knowledge of equiuoces, which are wo𝔯ds of one ſound in ſpeaking, yet ſignifying diuerſe things and woulde ſéeme therby to co𝔯rect the nature of the ſpeach, with their pen, thinking that by their letter added, at their diſcretion, the reader ſhall haue the better vnderſtanding, fo𝔯 which thing it muſt be taken. As in this ſentence, a hat fo𝔯 my ſonne to kéepe him from the burning of the Sunne, where is w𝔯itten o fo𝔯 the Boy, to be knowen not to be ment the Planet Sunne, which is w𝔯itten truly as we ſounde it: and as we ſounde the Boy alſo, and therefo𝔯e ought ſo to be w𝔯itten. Fo𝔯 being ſo w𝔯itten, who (ſéeing yͤ ſentence) will any mo𝔯e doubt of the true meaning thereof, then when he ſhall heare it ſpoken. As of this part of difference, I ſhall w𝔯ite mo𝔯e at large after I haue b𝔯iefly ſhewed you the two other vices of vſurpation of powers and miſplacing of letters. ²¹But firſt, of thother difference which they ſay, is fo𝔯 a help to the vnderſtanding of ſome wo𝔯ds, {n. p.} ſimple and others compound, by w𝔯iting ſome letters, which we vſe not to ſounde in ſpeach, which is called Etymologie, ſeu Veriloquium, 𝔈 of others Originatio. Whom I aunſwere thus, Etymologie doth by circumſtance expound and make plaine, the reaſon wherfo𝔯e the wo𝔯de o𝔯 name of thing is ſo called, as if you would knowe why twentie, thirtie, fo𝔯tie, fiftie. 𝔈c. be ſo called, I may aunſwere, the Etymologie is twaine tens, th𝔯ée tens, fow𝔯e tennes. 𝔈c. which we vſe to ſpeake and w𝔯ite notwithſtanding, as befo𝔯e ſayd, and vnderſtand thereby what numbers thet meane in ſpeach and w𝔯iting, and fo𝔯 the riuer of Tems, is wel known what I meane w𝔯iting it ſo, without any néede to w𝔯ite Thame-Iſis, ech ſillable being (as I haue heard) the names of two ſeuerall riuers befo𝔯e they ioyne. And ſo the w𝔯iter ought to be carefull, to w𝔯ite euery wo𝔯d as it is ſpoken: maintaining his O𝔯thographie, as ſome other vulgar nations doe: and as the Latines did. As fo𝔯 example, what other letter, will any {F i} man take vpon him, to adde (fo𝔯 any affection he hath to Etymologie) to this wo𝔯de Lepus, then euen ſo as it hath ben left vs by the Latines, although it be (by circumſtance) of many expounded, (and he reaſon therof giueth it) to be quaſi leuipes, vel quasi leuem habens pedem.

And this wo𝔯de, Heralt, is wholy a Dutch wo𝔯d compounded of He𝔯, and Alt, which is olde Maiſter, acco𝔯ding to the ſaying of Æneas Siluius, Erant autem heroes veterani milites: yet ſome doe compounde it with one Dutch wo𝔯d and another French, w𝔯iting Herhault, ſignifying a high Maiſter, but the Etymologie of the wo𝔯de doth p𝔯oue it to be He𝔯alt, he ſhould haue a w𝔯ong opinion of me, that ſhould thinke by the p𝔯emiſſes, I ment any thing ſhoulde be p𝔯inted in London in the maner of No𝔯therne o𝔯 Weſterne ſpeaches: but if any one were minded at Newcaſtell vppon Tine, o𝔯 Bodman in Co𝔯newale, to w𝔯ite o𝔯 p𝔯int his minde there, who could iuſtly blame him fo𝔯 his O𝔯thographie, to ſerue hys {n. p.} neyghbours acco𝔯ding to their mother ſpeach, yea, though he w𝔯ate ſo to London, to whomſoeuer it were, he could be no mo𝔯e offended to ſée his w𝔯iting ſo, than if he were p𝔯eſent to heare him ſpeake: ²²and there is no doubt, but that the Engliſh ſpeach, which the learned ſo𝔯t in the ruled Latin, togither with thoſe which are acquainted with the vulgars Italian, French, and Spaniſh doe vſe, is that ſpeach which euery reaſonable Engliſh man, will the neareſt he can, frame his tongue therevnto: but ſuch as haue no conference by the liuely voice, no𝔯 experience of reading, no𝔯 in reading no certaintie how euery letter ſhoulde be ſounded, can neuer come to the knowledge and vſe, of that beſt and moſte perfite Engliſh: which by Gods grace I will the néereſt I can follow, leauing manye an Inckho𝔯ne terme (which I could vſe) bicauſe I regarde fo𝔯 whoſe ſake I doe it.

²³Thus I ceaſe to ſpeake any further of the vice, which may be in a w𝔯iting, 𝔈 which vſe kéepeth in ours, is to giue diuers {F ii} powers to one letter, to the vncertaintie 𝔈 confuſion of the reader, as ſhall be ſayd fully of euery one of our abuſes, of euery letter at large in my new maner of w𝔯iting hereafter. Yet fo𝔯 example p𝔯eſently, as whē we w𝔯ite, yonder two gentlemen came togither vpon two Gennets, to giue thē to my Lo𝔯d. Is there any knowledge in the w𝔯iting, to giue a man to vnderſtand, when to ſound yͤ g, as we vſe befo𝔯e e, and i, and when as befo𝔯e a, o, and u? fo𝔯 following our cuſtome, we ſhoulde alwayes giue it one ſounde befo𝔯e e, and i, as in gentle and Giles. Our abuſes are as great in others, and therfo𝔯e néede fit not in vſe: as ſhall hereafter appeare. Where I néede not to vſurpe, any one letter o𝔯 b𝔯eath one fo𝔯 another.

²⁴Laſt of al, a w𝔯iting may be co𝔯rupted, by miſplacing of letters, which we alſo vſe (I ſhould ſay as of the others abuſe) and that moſt, in the finall ſillables, ending in c, o𝔯 l, aſpired in p𝔯onunciation where we w𝔯ite the e, after, whē we p𝔯onounce it befo𝔯e, o𝔯 no perfite e, at al ſounded, {n. p.} as in o𝔯d𝔯e, bo𝔯d𝔯e, numb𝔯e, rend𝔯e, which haue bene well left of late dayes, yet ſome ſuch as would ſhew their knowledge of the French are curious therein, and in trifle, hable, bedle, ſnaffle, buckle, 𝔈c. Whereas in the firſt foure and ſuch like, the e, is better befo𝔯e, and neareſt as we ſpeak it. And though yͤ French ſpeak it after, it is nothing to vs, fo𝔯 we p𝔯etend to w𝔯ite our ſpeach and not theirs, but it were much better (if it were in vſe, 𝔈 as I doe vſe, in my following new maner) to conſider that we in ſpeach doe not ſounde fully two ſillables, but one and an addition of a half ſillable ſoftly aſpired, which the r, doth alwayes take with it, 𝔈 often yͤ l, in our ſpeach, as in yͤ laſt fiue wo𝔯ds, but not in many other wo𝔯des, fo𝔯 which difference we haue yet receiued no perfit marke o𝔯 letter: which I doe hereafter vſe, fo𝔯 the commoditie of the reader. And therfo𝔯e did the inuento𝔯s of letters call l, m, n, and r, liquides o𝔯 ſemiuocales, which ſignifieth halfe vowels, o𝔯 hauing in maner the vertue of vowels. They now fo𝔯 lacke of better reaſon, will ſaye, {F iii} that who ſo hath the vſe of our p𝔯onunciation, and will giue himſelfe to reading, ſhall not ſticke at ſuch trifles. I graunt no leſſe, but then he muſt firſt ſpeake wel, befo𝔯e he ſhall euer reade truely, and ſo by learning to reade, he ſhall be nothing holpen to attaine to ſpeake well and truly. Hereby you maye ſée how they cloſely confeſſe that our w𝔯iting is doubtfull and hard, and that the reader muſt ſearch his remememb𝔯ance, where he maye finde the wo𝔯d mo𝔯e perfitely w𝔯itten than on the paper. Thus truſting there is ſufficiently ſayde, to p𝔯oue that in our doings, we ought none otherwiſe defende our ſelues with vſe, than as we ſhall finde it p𝔯ofitable and ioyned with reaſon. Yet will not ſome of them be contented, but in their malice (when they ſée reaſon thus aſſayle them) as men amazed, they will ſtand and ſcolde vntill they be ouercome: and ſaye, ſée the vainglo𝔯ious foole, who thinketh himſelfe to know mo𝔯e, and to ſée further, than other ſtudious men, which haue ſpent many yeares in learning, and yet finde no ſuch faultes: To {n. p.} them I aunſwere, time trieth truth, and though God hath giuen me this his gift, is his wo𝔯ke therfo𝔯e to be barked at? you know God beſtoweth his giftes diuerſly, to ſome one talent, to ſome another, non omnia poſſumus omnes, and that all to his glo𝔯ie: wherefo𝔯e they charge me w𝔯ongfully with vainglo𝔯ie, o𝔯 any ſuch like. What are theſe raylings, other than like as a man, ſéeing his enimie comming towards him, ſtrongly armed with his weapon, and himſelfe vnarmed without weapon, and did not (as wiſedome were) p𝔯ouide himſelfe with armour and weapons, méete fo𝔯 his defence: but ſtande ſcolding, and aſke whether he thought to be able to ouercome him. In like maner is it follie, ſo like igno𝔯aunt men at their wittes ende, to rayle at him that ſhall reaſonablye ſpeake againſt any diſo𝔯der and abuſe in what faſhion of liuing ſoeuer it be: when they ſhould debate the matter perticularly, and by the ſmall rootes. Yet thus doe ſome of them, which would be taken fo𝔯 wiſe and learned men, and that in the ſciences: thinking that any learning, {F iiii} which is ſet fo𝔯th by any other man, than by ſome one of themſelues, though it be neuer ſo reaſonable and true, ſhould ſound to their infamie and ſhame, if they ſhould agrée therevnto: and that their obſtinate opinion in igno𝔯aunce and falſe learning, ſhould appeare to be great wiſdome, and therefo𝔯e thought hono𝔯able. ²⁵Which ſo𝔯t, doe cauſe me yet to ſay ſomewhat mo𝔯e, touching our ſuperfluous w𝔯iting, fo𝔯 the difference of wo𝔯des of one ſound. Some of them will ſaye, it is neceſſarie to put difference in wo𝔯des of one ſound: leaſt the reader ſhould gather a miſſe vnderſtanding of them. If that were true, we ſhould by like reaſon, vſe a cackling and chattering, in ſteade of plaine ſpeaking: fo𝔯 as they ſay, it is neceſſarie to w𝔯ite different letters, that the reader ſhould not vnderſtande amiſſe, ſo ſay I, that it is néedefull fo𝔯 the reader, to p𝔯onounce the ſame difference of letters w𝔯itten, leaſt the audience, fo𝔯 want of hearing therof, ſhould fal into the ſame doubt, which they ſay the Reader ſhould doe by ſight, if they were not w𝔯itten. {n. p.} Thus you ſée by their obſeruing of differences, we ſhould be conſtreyned to ſpeak a fa𝔯e other ſpeach and language than we now do. That we may the better vnderſtand their minds, let vs conſider how many differences there are in w𝔯iting: and we ſhall finde th𝔯ée. ²⁶The one is the common difference, when we w𝔯ite all o𝔯 ſome diuerſe letters to ſignifie diuers things, as the earth, aire, fire and water: 𝔈 all things to mans knowledge o𝔯 imagination compounded of them: and this differēce is ſo much, as euery mans hand w𝔯iting, doth ſomwhat differ frō another, euen as do their faces, which is theffect of their w𝔯iting, firſt ſpokē of in the p𝔯eface.

²⁷The ſeconde is, fo𝔯 the accident of the voice ſpoken, whether it ſhould be long o𝔯 ſho𝔯t, ſharp o𝔯 flat, ſpoken with a harde o𝔯 ſoft b𝔯eath, and with as neare a knowledge as a mans hand may note, to mark what voice ſhoulde be ſounded at ſome time being w𝔯iten, ²⁸and in another place be left out, and the place marked to be vnſounded: ²⁹when the tongue doth vſe to ioyne togither fo𝔯 diuerſe wo𝔯des, as {G i} though they were but one: ³⁰and when the w𝔯iting mought elſe giue the reader cauſe to ſound ſome Diphthong o𝔯 Tripthong, when the vſe of the tongue is to ſunder them into two ſillables: that he may haue an aſſured mark fo𝔯 the knowledge therof. And fo𝔯 diſtinction and pointing, to giue the reader knowledge the neareſt a man may to p𝔯onounce the w𝔯iting, as the w𝔯iter would ſpeake it.

Of which accidentes I will w𝔯ite, fo𝔯 the helpe of the igno𝔯aunt of them: and giue ſufficient examples, befo𝔯e I enter to the vſe of them, togither with the knowledge of the ſeuerall voices, which are in our ſpeache, with conuenient markes o𝔯 letters fo𝔯 thoſe that we lacke. Wherefo𝔯e I will paſſe theſe other accidents till then, except the firſt, whereof I thinke it méete to ſay ſomwhat p𝔯eſently. Which is fo𝔯 time long o𝔯 ſho𝔯t, as in this ſentence, Commonly ware is deare in wa𝔯e time, where we vſe the finall e, in ware, deare, and time, fo𝔯 the longer quantitie of the p𝔯eceding vowels, and that with ſome reaſon, lacking a not fo𝔯 {n. p.} the knowledge of that quantitie, but fo𝔯 the ſho𝔯ter time of the a, in wa𝔯e (to differ ware from wa𝔯e, acco𝔯ding as we differ in ſpeach) it is very vnreaſonably begun, and ſo continued, to adde another ſillable, to wéete re, which we vſe in infinite ſuch like wo𝔯ds, where there mought appeare the ſame doubt: yet others with ſome mo𝔯e reaſon, in ſuch wo𝔯ds doe only double the conſonant without the e, as in all, barr, and ſadd. But both ſhoulde be ſuperfluous, vſing a knowledge fo𝔯 the long vowell, and all other without that marke to be knowen thereby to be ſho𝔯t, with the helpe, at ſome times, of the acute accent, to ſignifie the ſho𝔯tneſſe, when any doubt might be, as by experience it may appeare vnto you, in my new maner herafter. And fo𝔯 the longer quantitie of the vowell it had bene very well (if our p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s had kept the vowels in their p𝔯oper ſounds) to haue vſed them double therfo𝔯e, which now in doubling we ſounde otherwiſe than in their owne ſounds.

³¹But now this third laſt difference, {G ii} rooted only in mannes wit, is that which diſſolueth our doubt: whereby a mans iudgement, is able to decerne, the ſund𝔯y meaning of wo𝔯ds, like as in hearing, ſo in reading: by the reaſon and diſcourſe of the matter and ſentence: and that not only, if they be w𝔯itten o𝔯 ſpoken ſomewhat amiſſe: but though there were ſome ſillable lacking, other the thing (by diſtance of countries) otherwiſe named, where it was w𝔯itten, than where it was red. Wherefo𝔯e, if difference were ſo neceſſarie as they ſaye, it were much mo𝔯e néedfull in the ſpeaking than in the w𝔯iting: ſéeing the ſpeach paſſeth ſo quicklye away, whereas the w𝔯iting remayneth, ſo as the reader may toſſe and turne it, in ſearching (by reaſon of the ſentence) the true meaning of the doubtful wo𝔯d. As in theſe examples following, he was at the Plough in Smithfield, with good Oxen, and after at the Ha𝔯ow with good ho𝔯ſes, who ſo knoweth Smithfield to be a wéekely market of ho𝔯ſes, and all accuſtomed time of cattel, and ſignes to be made with littell counterfet ploughes and Ha𝔯owes, {n. p.} fo𝔯 knowledge of houſes, ſhall fo𝔯thwith conceyue the w𝔯iters minde: euen as he mought if he had hearde him ſpeake. Alſo, well Boy I ſay beware the well, it is déepe. And this great Beare will beare ten dogges. And, Hodge Bill, with his b𝔯owne Bill, b𝔯ought me a ſealed Bill, and a Woodcocke by the Bill. And, your ho𝔯ſe bare a heauie lode, being bare befo𝔯e. And many other equiuoces, where we make no difference in ſpeach, 𝔈 therfo𝔯e ought we to make none in w𝔯iting: though they be of diuerſe ſignifications, if now they coulde ſhewe me their reaſon why they vſe their fantaſie in ſome, and not in theſe fo𝔯eſayde and many mo𝔯e, agaynſt the o𝔯der of good w𝔯iting, I would be glad to heare them. But I know they cannot, except they woulde ſaye (as the truth is) it is fo𝔯 feare, it ſhould be to eaſie fo𝔯 the Reader. This wit and experience of man, is able to decifer and declare, the meaning of ſome darke w𝔯itings which he neuer ſawe befo𝔯e, although there were vſed therein great ſtudie, that no man but ſuch as had {G iii} the o𝔯der of it, in mind o𝔯 w𝔯iting, ſhould be euer able to read it (As I haue heard of one hath bene able to do) much mo𝔯e than of that the w𝔯iter is willing euerye man ſhoulde read. By this we maye alſo perceyue, that ſuperfluous letters to cauſe the w𝔯iting of a wo𝔯de to differ from the ſpeach, fo𝔯 Etymologie, is in lyke maner nothing neceſſarie no𝔯 commodious. Let vs conclude then that though theſe obſeruers of differences woulde neuer ſo faine co𝔯rupt the o𝔯der of w𝔯iting in wo𝔯des of one ſounde, yet maye they not b𝔯eake the law of true w𝔯iting. And that we abuſe not letters ſignifying voyces, fo𝔯 the marke of time: eſpecially when we may (with pleaſure) remedie it, as by experience is layde hereafter befo𝔯e your eyes: and found mo𝔯e eaſie, ſho𝔯t, p𝔯ofitable and certaine. And that finallye (notwithſtanding thoſe fantaſticall Sophiſters, which doe indeuour to maintayne our vicious w𝔯iting by their diuers defences) we muſt be ruled by our ſpeach: and euen as the tongue doth chaunge thaccidents of voyces in place, time, tune, and number, ſo {n. p.} we alwayes in our w𝔯iting to chaunge the markes, being the image of the voice: euen as the Painter, ought to chaunge the variable quantities and accidents, in the images of the man, whoſe figures he would counterfet, fo𝔯 euerye ten yeares of his age. And now the better to call to rememb𝔯ance, the p𝔯incipall partes and effect, of that which hath bene ſayd, I wil vſe this Allego𝔯ie, and compare the liuely body of our p𝔯onunciation, which reaſon biddeth the w𝔯iter to paint and counterfet with letters, vnto a man, which woulde commaunde an vndiſcréete Painters to po𝔯traict his figure, as thus: naming the man Eſop. Who cōming to a Painter, ſayth. Frend, I would haue thée to counterfet the quantitie and qualitie of my body and apparell, by thy craft, ſo liuely as thoſe men, which haue euen nowe ſéene me, may know (whenſoeuer they maye ſée it hereafter) that the ſame is made to rep𝔯eſent me vnto them, as I now am.

The Painter aunſwereth: Sir ſtande you there, and I ſhall doe it, as I vſe to doe others, and as all the Painters of {G iiii} this countrie are accuſtomed to doe. Eſope, howe is that? The Painter aunswereth. ³²Though you weare hoſe and ſhooes, your figure ſhall néede none. ³³But it ſhall therefo𝔯e haue painted other apparell, by a thirde mo𝔯e than you weare, and vpon euerie ſeuerall péece, I will marke whence it came. ³⁴And bicauſe your clothes, as well the cloth as the fu𝔯e and ſilke, are of one colour, I will make them to be the better ſéene of diuers colo𝔯s. ³⁵I will alſo w𝔯ite in your fo𝔯ehead your fathers and mothers name that men may ſée of what ſtocke you are come of. ³⁶Where as in ſome countries Painters doe vſe to make the noſe, of like quantitie to that in the body, we ſet others at the endes of them. ³⁷And fo𝔯 making the littleneſſe of the eyes, we make the compaſſe of yͤ head greater, than the naturall, 𝔈 double yͤ eie b𝔯owes. {n. p.} ³⁸Then in the place of eares, we doe vſe to paint eyes.

³⁹And laſt of all, I will chaunge the middell fingers and thombes in others places. The Painter. How like you this, will it not doe well? Eſope. Yes, but I would faine knowe, fo𝔯 what purpoſe: and the reaſon wherefo𝔯e you woulde doe thus. The Painter. Bicauſe the Painters of this countrie, fo𝔯 time out of minde, haue vſed the like, and we continue therein, and bicauſe it is ſo commonly receyued as it is, no man néedeth to co𝔯rect it. a good aunſwere. Nowe leaue we them, and I demaund the maintainers of ſuch Painters of our p𝔯onunciatiō, if they had fo𝔯ty o𝔯 mo𝔯e of their po𝔯tratures d𝔯awen, ſhaped and coloured of their fo𝔯eſaid friende: and thoſe ſame ſet vppon the pillers of Powles Church, who ſhould be able to know (but they themſelues, being dayly vſed in naming them) which ſhoulde be fo𝔯 the one, o𝔯 which fo𝔯 the other. Fo𝔯 they ſhoulde not halfe ſo well rep𝔯eſent them, as ſhould the well p𝔯opo𝔯tioned figures of ſo manye ſkipping Babians, {H i} Apes, Marmozets o𝔯 Munkeys, and dauncing Dogs and Beares.

Better can not a w𝔯iter be compared, than to a Painter: Fo𝔯, as neuer Painter coulde counterfet the liuelyneſſe of a man (though he behelde him all his lyfe) except he firſt conſidered all his lineaments and p𝔯opo𝔯tions, and knew the diuerſitie of his colours: and vnderſtoode well, that one colour can not make two places of one hewe, to be of diuers coulours, what quantitie ſo euer he laye on. So was there neuer w𝔯iter, ignorant of all the perticulars, of the voyces ſpoken, and that ſhall want due markes and colours fo𝔯 them: that could perfitely counterfet the p𝔯onunciation, though by vſe (o𝔯 better abuſe) it were allowed. Wherfo𝔯e, that the Reader may vſe, the perfite waye in euery Engliſhe wo𝔯d, which may be ſpoken (calling Engliſh all deriued wo𝔯ds receyued, o𝔯 which hereafter ſhall be) and be no longer troubled, in this diſo𝔯der and abuſe, to the confuſion and trouble of the Reader, I will immediatly hereafter, ſhewe you all the {n. p.} voices, which our ſpeach vſeth, and ſo vſe ſeuerall markes o𝔯 letters fo𝔯 euerie one of them: with neceſſarie accents, and vſe of pointing: and then I will put it in experience, in the reſt of my treatiſe therafter.

Of the number of our vowels, and of their auncient ſounds, in which they are alwayes vſed, in the new maner hereafter: by which their perfite vſe, our preſent abuſed ſounds of ſome of them, are founde to be Diphthongs. Cap. iiii.

NOwe that there is ſufficiently ſayde what letters are, and of their right vſe, and of the vices which ſome doe maintaine in our Engliſh w𝔯iting, ſo as me thinkes euery reaſonable man may be aunſwered therewith: I ſhall b𝔯ieflye in this Chapter ſhewe you what voyces, ſounds and b𝔯eaths we vſe in our ſpeach, and acco𝔯dinglye vſe one ſimple and ſole {H ii} figure fo𝔯 ech one of them: much differing from the diſo𝔯der 𝔈 confuſion we now are in, and that by fo𝔯getting and leauing all ſuperfluous letters vnvſed, and calling to minde, and taking of others fit 𝔈 commodious fo𝔯 vs, with ſufficient examples of their due, ſole, and onely ſounds. And afterwards of the accenting, and pointing, wherein the reſt of this treatiſe is w𝔯itten. As touching the diuers ſoundes and noyſes, which are 𝔈 may be by inanimate things, no𝔯 of ſuch ſoundes and voices as are made of b𝔯ute and dumbe animals, they doe nothings appertaine to this purpoſe: but only of the reaſonable ſpeach of mankinde, and eſpecially of our Engliſh tongue: which ſpeach reaſonable is made with diuers o𝔯ganes and inſtrumentes, namely, the b𝔯eath from the Lungs o𝔯 Lights, Arteries, Th𝔯ote, Vuula, mouth, Tongue, Téeth and Lippes, but ſuch of them as doe giue vs the moſt diſtinction and perfite ſenſe, of the ſounde o𝔯 b𝔯eath giuen, are the tongue, the téeth and lips, by their diuers vſe and féelings o𝔯 touchings in and of the mouth. {n. p.} Wherefo𝔯e I will fo𝔯thwith ſhew you their figures, in ſuch wiſe, as with our paſſed, and yet our p𝔯eſent maner of O𝔯thography, you may vnderſtand by what voice o𝔯 b𝔯eath euery one letter is vſed in the. vii. Chapter, and the reſt of this treatiſe hereafter. Where I ſhall further treate with mo𝔯e ample reaſons 𝔈 authorities, than is done in this maner of w𝔯iting, why their figures ſhould be p𝔯oper vnto them: by reading wherof you may finde by experience the manifeſt commodities befo𝔯e ſayd. Firſt I finde that we vſe fiue differing ſimple ſoundes o𝔯 voyces, p𝔯océeding from the b𝔯eſt, without any maner of touching of the tongue to the palet o𝔯 fo𝔯etéeth, o𝔯 of the lippes cloſe ioyning togither: o𝔯 eyther of the lippes to their counter téeth. Their due and auncient ſoundes, may be in this wiſe verye ſenſibly perceyued: the firſt, with wyde opening the mouth, as when a man yauneth: and is figured a⁴⁰. The ſeconde, with ſomewhat mo𝔯e cloſing the mouth, th𝔯uſting ſoftlye the inner part of the tongue to the inner and vpper great téeth, (o𝔯 {H iii} gummes fo𝔯 want of téeth) and is marked e⁴¹. The thirde, by p𝔯eſſing the tongue in like maner, yet ſomewhat mo𝔯e fo𝔯eward, and b𝔯inging the iawe ſomewhat mo𝔯e neare, and is w𝔯itten i⁴². The fourth, by taking awaye of all the tongue, cleane from the téeth o𝔯 gummes, as is ſayde fo𝔯 the a, and turning the lippes rounde as a ring, and th𝔯uſting fo𝔯th of a ſounding b𝔯eath, which roundneſſe to ſignifie the ſhape of the letter, was made (of the firſt inuento𝔯) in like ſo𝔯t, thus o⁴³. Fo𝔯 the firſt and laſt, by holding in lyke maner the tongue from touching the téeth o𝔯 gummes (as is ſaid of the a, and o) and b𝔯inging the lippes ſo neare togither, as there be left but ſpace that the ſounds may paſſe fo𝔯th with the b𝔯eath, ſo ſoftly, that (by their ouer harde and cloſe ioyning) they be not fo𝔯ced tho𝔯ow the noſe, 𝔈 is noted thus u⁴⁴. And holding the top of your fingar betwixt your téeth, you ſhall the mo𝔯e ſenſiblye féele that they are ſo made with your ſayd inſtrumentes. So you may conſider how theſe fiue diuers ſounds are diſtinctly made: yet ſome man {n. p.} may doubt howe to ſound part of them, bicauſe they haue bene and are abuſed in diuers ſoundes: wherefo𝔯e after I haue ſayde ſomewhat of them, I ſhall ſhew you their auncient ſoundes, yet generally vſed tho𝔯ow all Dutchland ouer and nether, in their vulgar tongues, and in p𝔯onouncing their Latine, the like of Italie, alſo of the French, the Spaniſh, and B𝔯utes fo𝔯 the a, e, i, and o. But theſe th𝔯ée laſt named Nations do all abuſe the u, with vs in ſounde: and alſo the Germaine and Italian fo𝔯 the conſonant except the auncient B𝔯utes which haue alwayes continued this figure v⁴⁵, fo𝔯 the conſonant, whoſe example I doe minde to followe. And we our ſelues doe rightly ſound all fiue vowels in the Goſpell in Latine, In principio erat verbum.&c. vnto ſine: where i, is ſounded the Diphthong ei⁴⁶, o𝔯 Gréeke ει, 𝔈 in qui, as though it were w𝔯itten quei, whereas in quis and quid it is rightly ſounded, alſo the Gramarians ſelfe, which teach the Grammer, doe fall into the fault of Iotaciſme, which fo𝔯bidden them at the beginning {H iiii} thereof: and doe p𝔯onounce the ſame in theſe P𝔯onounes following, and infinite other wo𝔯ds, as in yͤ vocatiue mi, they ſound in mει o𝔯 mei: mei they ſound meει o𝔯 méei, whereas in mihi, many of late days do ſound the i, right in both ſillables, euen as i, in nobis, the like true ſoūd of i, they vſe in tui and ſui but wil not yet frame their tongues to ſound it ſo in tibi and ſibi, as they do in mihi, vobis, tuis, and ſuis, ille, ipſe, iſte, his, and is. Yet in the declining of them they miſname the i, in the ſecond ſillable, as in illius, illi, ipſius, ipſi, iſtius, iſti, and the like in the Nominatiues plurall, but in the Datiues and Ablatiues they can ſounde it right: which fault, none of all the nations befo𝔯e named, did euer commit, fo𝔯 the i, vowell: but doe kéepe it ſtill in one ſole 𝔈 the auncient ſound: euen as the naturall 𝔈 artificiall Gréekes do their Iota: which alſo did neuer make it conſonant: no mo𝔯e haue the B𝔯utes, the Germains, no𝔯 the Italians: which Italians haue deuiſed fo𝔯 the ſounde of conſonant, the gi, no𝔯 haue any of the other th𝔯ée nations {n. p.} (as fa𝔯e as I can learne) that ſounde of gi in their ſpeaches: as ſhall be ſayd mo𝔯e at large when I Come to treate of g, yet the French and Spaniſh with vs and the Scots men, doe vſurpe the i⁴⁷, befo𝔯e a, o, and u, as the g. befo𝔯e e, and i. And fo𝔯 the Diphthong ei, many auncient Grammarians in bo𝔯owing of Gréeke wo𝔯des haue put often i, alone, which the Germaine doth not allow: knowing them of long continuance to be of diuers ſounds: and therefo𝔯e when they thinke the ei, méete to be ſounded in ſuch wo𝔯des as are deriued from the Gréeke, they w𝔯ite it ſo: which whoſo liſt may ſée, in a Latine and Dutch Dictionarie, Authore Petro Daſypodio, entituled, Dictionarium latino-germanicum, & vice verſa Germanico-latinum. And out of all doubt, no nation of the fo𝔯eſaide but we and the Scottiſh, doe at any time ſounde i, in the fo𝔯eſayde ſounde of ei: Wherefo𝔯e, that Engliſh Gréeke Reader which ſhall giue the ſame ſound to i, which he doth to ει, doth further this e𝔯our much amongſt vs. Now to come to the u⁴⁸. I ſayde the {I i} French, Spaniſh, and B𝔯utes, I maye adde the Scottiſh, doe abuſe it with vs in ſounde, and fo𝔯 conſonant, except the B𝔯utes as is ſayd: the French doe neuer ſounde it right, but vſurpe ou, fo𝔯 it, the Spanyard doth often vſe it right as we doe, but often alſo abuſe it with vs: the French and the Scottiſh in the ſounde of a Diphthong⁴⁹: which kéeping the vowels in their due ſounds, commeth of i, and u, (o𝔯 verie neare it) is made and put togither vnder one b𝔯eath, confounding the ſoundes of i, and u, togither: which you may perceyue in ſhaping thereof, if you take away the inner part of your tongue, from the vpper téeth o𝔯 Gummes, then ſhall you ſound the u, right, o𝔯 ⁵⁰in ſounding the French and Scottiſh u, holding ſtill your tongue to the vpper téeth o𝔯 gums, and opening your lippes ſomewhat, you ſhall perceyue the right ſounde of i. But fo𝔯 the e, and o, I finde not that any of the ſayd nations do abuſe them as we do, except yͤ French in the on, fo𝔯 u, as is ſaid (and that conſtreyned therevnto with vs, I muſt néedes ſaye, bicauſe they no𝔯 we {n. p.} haue vſed the u, and we onely the i, in their due ſounds) to call the e, in teaching the A.B.C. in the ſound of i, and to double the e, fo𝔯 that ſound, as in ſée the Bée doth flée. And o, ſingle o𝔯 double in the ſound of u, as, they two come to do ſome good, which is the méere ſound of the u, As fo𝔯 the a, we doe little abuſe, wherefo𝔯e I omit it in this place. And fo𝔯 the quantitie of vowels, I neuer minde to vſe the final e⁵¹, making two ſillables in w𝔯iting when one is ſpoken, but do bo𝔯ow the vſe of the Gréekes, which were wont to w𝔯ite their i, in the line after vowels which were long, and doe vſe it ſtill after great letters, as we doe the e, fo𝔯 the quantitie of the p𝔯ecéeding vowell. But nowe they w𝔯ite it vnder the ſmall, and in ſome p𝔯intes is but euen a p𝔯icke, and the lyke may ſerue vs fo𝔯 the quantitie of vowels: which I vſe hereafter. And to perſwade you the better, that their auncient ſounds are as I haue ſayde, I repo𝔯t me to all Muſitians of what nations ſoeuer they be, fo𝔯 a, e, i, and o: and fo𝔯 u, alſo, except the French, Scottiſh, and B𝔯utes {I ii} as is ſayd: fo𝔯 namely all Engliſh Muſitians (as I can Vnderſtande) doe ſounde them, teaching vt, re, mi, fa, ſol, la: And ſo do all ſpeakers and readers often and much in our ſpeach, as in this ſentence: The p𝔯atling Hoſteler hath d𝔯eſſed, cu𝔯ied, and rubbed our ho𝔯ſes well. Where none of the fiue vowels is ſounded, but kept in their p𝔯oper and auncient ſoundes: and so we maye vſe them, to our great caſe and p𝔯ofite. And fo𝔯 their longer time, it were mo𝔯e reaſon to double themſelues, in the place where the quantitie and longer ſounde is made, than to w𝔯ite the e, fo𝔯 it, at the ende of the ſillable o𝔯 wo𝔯de, o𝔯 to w𝔯ite a Diphthong in the middeſt fo𝔯 like longer time: whereas one vowell onely is ſounded. Fo𝔯 the wo𝔯d Diphthong ſignifieth a double ſounde: and the vowels (thone takes not any part of the ſound of the other) are made of ſole and ſingle o𝔯 ſimple ſounds: but fo𝔯 the ſayd longer time, the p𝔯icke vnder will be moſt fit and conuenient. And as you are hereafter p𝔯ouided fo𝔯 therin, ſo are you fo𝔯 the cōſonants v, {n. p.} and j, ſo that you maye kéepe the fiue vowels in their only figures and ſounds: as in theſe examples herevnder: ſo alwayes of our p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s and the liuing now ſtill vſed.

The auncient and ſole ſoūds of the fiue vowel are of

Which is their due and p𝔯oper ſounds, and as we our ſelues vſe them when we read Latine, as is ſayd of In principio vnto ſine, and ſo tho𝔯ow the Goſpell except a few other wo𝔯ds as the i, in vita, vitam, viri, and qui ſome ſounde it alſo in ei, and the u, in lux we vniuerſallye ſounde it right, but in lucet and lumine, ſome vſurpe the French and Scottiſhe ſound, and alſo in fuit, cui and ſui which ought to be kept in one ſounde in all wo𝔯des, as in verbum, deum, ipſum, ſunt.&c. The onely ſounde fo𝔯 vowels of all the fiue: wherein the Italians and Germaines, doe continue them vniuerſally th𝔯ough all their ſpeach o𝔯 w𝔯iting: {I iii} is euen as we vſe them in the fo𝔯eſayde laſt examples haue Adam.𝔈c. As the Italian doth ſounde them in this one wo𝔯de riputatione, and as the Spaniarddoth vſe them all, but the u, which he abuſeth with vs and the Scottiſh, but not generally as the French doe. And the Dutch as in the firſt ſentence of the fo𝔯eſayde goſpell of Saint Iohn. Im anfang was das wort, vnd das wort was bey Gott vnd Gott was das ſelbig wort, where they are all ſounded as tho𝔯owe all their ſpeach as the Italians doe, and as the Spanyard and we doe often. But fo𝔯 conſonants I muſt confeſſe the Italian and Germaine with vs, the French and Spanyards doe abuſe the u, yet the Almain neuer o𝔯 ſeldome w𝔯iteth the figure u, fo𝔯 conſonant, but (with the Walſh) thus v, and by negligence vſeth the ſame alſo fo𝔯 vowell as in vnd, but not befo𝔯e any vowell, where it might be taken fo𝔯 a conſonant. And fo𝔯 the conſonant i, the Italian hath founde it ſo vnméete as he hath p𝔯ouided fo𝔯 it the vſe of gi, as is ſaid.

Thus truſting that you be certified of {n. p.} the auncient and due ſoundes of the fiue vowels (I finde not that we ſhall néede any mo𝔯e) wherein only we ought to vſe them, and ſo as when two o𝔯 th𝔯ée of them may come togither the ſame and none other ſound of ech muſt appeare: but that the ſounde muſt be longer o𝔯 in a higher tune of the laſt than the fi𝔯ſt, o𝔯 the two firſt, if it be in a Triphthong, that is, of th𝔯ée ſoundes. Which come in our ſpeach but ſeldome: but the Dipthong very often. And euery one may ioyne with any one of hir other foure fellowes, and be made a double ſound as is ſayd in one ſillable, yet two vowels may alſo come togither, and the firſt haue hir full ſounde as well as the latter, but then they make two ſillables: fo𝔯 the knowledge wherof, I doe vſe ouer the latter vowell two p𝔯ickes receyued in both Gréeke and Latin ⁵²Dyæreſis thus ¨. The high Dutch not vſing alwayes one figure fo𝔯 the vowell, and another fo𝔯 the conſonant of the u, do vſe (as we from them) the double w, befo𝔯e ech one of the other vowels in Diphthong, fo𝔯 which the Italian, French, {n. p.} and Spaniſh, doe vſe to w𝔯ite the g, befo𝔯e u, to cauſe the reader, to be certaine that the v, is no conſonant. The Dutch doe vſe alſo au, ei, and ie, rightly as I do hereafter, and ⁵³ẝả, in the ſounde of æ, o𝔯 e long: ⁵⁴ỏ in ſounde œ, o𝔯 eu: ⁵⁵ü, in the ſound of iu, o𝔯 the French and Scottiſh u, ⁵⁶ủ, fo𝔯 eu, and ⁵⁷ů fo𝔯 u, long, o𝔯 French ou, with other vowels befo𝔯e and after them, which figures if néede were, we mought haue bo𝔯owed, but are ancipites and doubtfull fo𝔯 the Reader, which is not in thoſe hereafter, where ech vowell is ſéene fo𝔯 hir ſelfe: as they are vſed in ſpeach. And ſo vſing the i, alwayes vowell as is ſayd, we ſhall neuer néede the ⁵⁸y, wherevnto we giue the verie ſounde of i, o𝔯 ei, no𝔯 the ⁵⁹w, fo𝔯 that I will alſo vſe, one figure fo𝔯 the conſonant: and thother fo𝔯 the vowell: and the p𝔯icke vnder fo𝔯 the longer ſounde. And fo𝔯 Diphthongs and Triphthongs, I néede to giue none examples in this place, but doe defe𝔯e them til I haue ſhewde you the figures and names of all our ſounds and b𝔯eaths. And in the meane time I will giue you to vnderſtande {n. p.} which (of ſuch as we doe now vſe) we doe vſurpe fo𝔯 ſome of them, and which we doe rightlye vſe: and giue you examples of thē, as is done of the vowels.

The number of conſonantes and breathes, which we vſe in our ſpeach, with the leauing of ſuperfluous letters, and receyuing of ſuch other as we neede: with example of their right vſe. Cap. v.

I Finde that we doe vſe. xii. diuers dumbe o𝔯 dul ſounds in our ſpeach, comming frō the b𝔯eſt with a b𝔯eath as it were groningly, diuerſified eyther by touching of the lippes togither, o𝔯 of the vnder lippe to the vpper téeth, o𝔯 of the tongue to the palet, to the vpper great téeth o𝔯 gums, o𝔯 to the vpper fo𝔯etéeth: whereof ſeauen of them haue as many felowes o𝔯 ſiſters, and may be ſo called, fo𝔯 that they are ſhaped in the mouth in one ſelfe maner and faſhion: differing only by leauing of {K i} the inward ſound, 𝔈 vſe but of the b𝔯eath, ſo as the one mought be allowed to ſtand in place and paſſe muſters fo𝔯 hir felow, euen as the females (of the neareſt like vnto the males) of any kind, mought fo𝔯 yͤ males, o𝔯 contrarywiſe. The one couple o𝔯 paire, is the ⁶⁰b, and ⁶¹p. Another is the ⁶²v, conſonant and ⁶³f. Then ⁶⁴g, and ⁶⁵k, o𝔯 c, as befo𝔯e a, o, and u, which c, ſéeing the k, is ſo well knowen as it is, I had as tiefe be beholding to the Gréeke fo𝔯 their ⁶⁶k, as to the Latine fo𝔯 their c, and to vſe the c, with a, a differing note fo𝔯 the ſounde of ch, fo𝔯 it is not the p𝔯oper office of h, to ſerue in that ſo𝔯t, no𝔯 as we do with t, and with s, fo𝔯 ſo euery conſonant is aſpired and b𝔯eathed: and no ſound can be made in man b𝔯est without his b𝔯eath though it be kept in, as fo𝔯 b, g, d, 𝔈 m, though a man doe ſtoppe his noſe and kéepe in his b𝔯eath, yet he may make the inwarde ſound of them: which is by the meane of his b𝔯eath. And the conſonants may all be framed and vttered ſenſibly to the eare without the naming of anye vowell o𝔯 Diphthong: the maner whereof I can {n. p.} not ſo well exp𝔯eſſe by w𝔯iting as by mouth, but the neareſt I maye, I ſhall w𝔯ite hereafter. And we muſt be carefull to ſound the ⁶⁷g, as yͤ Grecians do gamma, the Heb𝔯ues guimel, as the engliſh Saxons did and yet is vſed in all Dutchlande ouer and nether, and kept of the B𝔯utes o𝔯 Walſh vnto this day, that is befo𝔯e e, 𝔈 i, as befo𝔯e a, o, and u: as we alſo often rightly do: as in this ſentence, leaue your anger, and giue me your girdle to get this togither: fo𝔯 which onely ſounde, I ſhall always vſe the g, without any néede of the h, betwixt the g, and e, o𝔯 i, as the Fleming doth. And fo𝔯 the ſound of the j, conſonant, fo𝔯 which the Italian doth vſe gi, to be ſerued acco𝔯ding to our néede, we muſt take a newe figure, fo𝔯 which Sir Thomas Smith hath choſen the Engliſh Saxon J and I doe vſe the ſame hereafter, a little diuerſifying the ſhape to differ mo𝔯e from g, and to be readier fo𝔯 the hande to w𝔯ite, thus ⁶⁸𝒿: fo𝔯 which we mought haue vſed this marke j, but the other is better, fo𝔯 that it néedeth no p𝔯icke ouer it (which is the note of the i, {K ii} to be the better knowen befo𝔯e o𝔯 after, o𝔯 betwixt m, and n. And fo𝔯 the ſounde of the k, I finde no fault. The fellow o𝔯 ſiſter of 𝒿 is the ſound of yͤ Italian c, befo𝔯e e, and i, and of our and the Spaniſh moſt common ſound of ch. Fo𝔯 which the high Dutche doe w𝔯yte tſch, as in Teutſch, Teutſcher, geherſcht, 𝔈 Verdolmetſcht. Fo𝔯 which there mought be vſed, as we haue accuſtomed the ch, but that the truth is, as alſo Sir Thomas Smith ſayth, the h, is in that ſo𝔯t much abuſed, fo𝔯 which ſound of ch, he alloweth the c, befo𝔯e and after all vowels and diphthonges alike: and doth declare it to be the auncient ſoūd of c, but bicauſe it hath bene ſo long and yet is of many nations with vs abuſed in two ſounds, I thinke it better to receyue ſome other figure, fo𝔯 which I haue turned my penne (as fo𝔯 the others hereafter) diuers wayes, as thus, ch, tc, and ⁶⁹ɕ, whiche laſt I finde the readieſt fo𝔯 the hande, and to ioyne with the following letters beſt. Fifthly, this couple ⁷⁰d, and ⁷¹t, which we vſe tightly in reading Engliſh moſt commonlye, but manye doe abuſe {n. p.} them in reading Latin in certaine wo𝔯ds in the ſound of the following couple, as is ſayde at the beginning of the Grammer, and ſhall be ſayde in my new maner. Sixthly we haue a paire of ſoundes fo𝔯 which we do vſurpe the th, alone, which I, with Sir Thomas Smith, doe leaue and vſe fo𝔯 eche one a diuerſe figure: and whereas he vſeth fo𝔯 them the Engliſh Saxon letters called the tho𝔯ne d, thus ð, o𝔯 the Gréeke Δ fo𝔯 thone, and Gréeke θ, o𝔯 Saxon þ fo𝔯 thother, I haue followed the readyneſſe of the hande, as is ſayde fo𝔯 the 𝒿, and ɕ, and haue deuiſed fo𝔯 this couple ⁷²ɗ, fo𝔯 the tho𝔯ne d, o𝔯 dh, 𝔈 ⁷³ƥ, fo𝔯 th. And the other paire which we haue, is the ⁷⁴ɀ, and ⁷⁵s, and ſome thinke the ſh, ſhoulde be the s, aſpired, which I coulde not well auoyde, if I had not narowly conſidered and founde the ɀ, and s, to be ſhapen in one ſo𝔯t, which is with th𝔯uſting the tongue to the palet, and téeth o𝔯 gummes fo𝔯ward, ſo as the firſt is then ſounded with a ſoft b𝔯eath tho𝔯ow the vpper fo𝔯etéeth, and hir fellow without any ſound, and with a harder b𝔯eath: {K iii} obſeruing tho𝔯der of all the ſixe other paires: ⁷⁶whereas the huſhing of this b𝔯eath is made tho𝔯ow the téeth only and taking of the tongue from the palet, and d𝔯awing it inward to the vpper gummes o𝔯 téeth: which you may perceyue by cloſing your téeth togither, and ſo th𝔯uſting fo𝔯th of your b𝔯eath harde: o𝔯 by biting your vnder o𝔯 vpper lip, 𝔈 th𝔯uſting your b𝔯eath tho𝔯owe your téeth, and ſo this b𝔯eath is perfitelye made. By which doings you maye finde that the ɀ, no𝔯 s, can not be made but by touching of the tongue to the palet. Fo𝔯 the felowe of which ſh, th French do ſounde their g, befo𝔯e e, and i, and the j. conſonant befo𝔯e a, o, and u, and ſometimes befo𝔯e e, and doe neuer ſound perfitely our ſounds befo𝔯eſaid fo𝔯 𝒿 𝔈 ɕ, in all their ſpeach. Fo𝔯 which ſh, I haue framed a new figure, with lyke regarde fo𝔯 the ſho𝔯teneſſe and eaſineſſe fo𝔯 yͤ w𝔯iting, as fo𝔯 the reſt befo𝔯eſaid, 𝔈 is thus ⁷⁷δ. Then we haue foure ſoundes of the liquides o𝔯 ſemivocales, ⁷⁸l, m, n, and r, of which I muſt néedes confeſſe, as of ſome others befo𝔯e, to be rightly vſed in ſounde {n. p.} when they be ſingle. Wée haue further the l, aſpired lyke to the ſpanishe and Walſh often vſe of the ll, which maketh the. xii. dumbe o𝔯 dull ſounde, but we vſe it not that I know of, at the beginning of any wo𝔯ds as they do: but often at thend of wo𝔯ds, as in this ſentence, the betle is hable to fable. Where we w𝔯eſt the e, which is but cloſely o𝔯 (as it were) halfe ſounded: wherfo𝔯e we may with as ſmal coſt and labour, as of the reſt, vſe a fit figure fo𝔯 it: and neuer néede to vſe the ll, o𝔯 lh, and fo𝔯 the reaſons aboueſaid not to abuſe the h, but as I haue in the other cōſonants aſpired, vſed the leaſt d𝔯aught of the penne, I could, to ſignifie that aſpiration, that is fo𝔯 the ch, dh, th, and ſh. So will I doe the like fo𝔯 this lh, as thus, ⁷⁹ժ: wherevnto the folowing letters may wel ioyne, and the difference ſufficient. Further, we abuſe the name of ⁸⁰h, calling it ache, which ſounde ſerueth very well to exp𝔯eſſe a headache, o𝔯 ſome bone ache: whoſe p𝔯opertie is to ſignifie onely the b𝔯eath without any meane of inſtrument o𝔯 ſound as we vſe it befo𝔯e and after the {n. p.} ſound of the vowell in laughing hah, o𝔯 heh, as when we laugh we b𝔯ing out our b𝔯eath ſo hah, hah, hah: o𝔯 heh, heh, heh, where the h, hath no ſounde but as you woulde blowe to warme your handes, fo𝔯 the ſound therof is ſhewed by the vowell. And fo𝔯 that we doe vſe to w𝔯ite ſo many diuerſe ſecretarie hands, amongſt which, there hath not yet one bene framed to be put in p𝔯int, and ſéeing the Italick letters much w𝔯itten and p𝔯inted amongſt vs, I do herafter vſe them, and doe find them as eaſie and ſwift fo𝔯 the hande and eye, as any other letter, howbeit there are many in diuerſe nations doe w𝔯ite their accuſtomed hande very ſwiftly, whereof much vſe is onely the cauſe, but none ſo generall and tho𝔯owly eaſie fo𝔯 the eye, and hand, as the Italick. And fo𝔯 the new figures, which I haue deuiſed, confo𝔯mable to the courſe of the hande, and fit fo𝔯 the p𝔯int, no man néedeth to be offended, whoſo liketh them not, may leaue them. Yet who can let me to think of him otherwiſe, than as of a man which liketh beſt to be partly naked, and wilfully refuſeth {n. p.} conuenient and fit clothes to furniſh the want of his conuerture, and yet is content to haue ſome part double o𝔯 treble furniſhed, with none other reaſon than bicauſe he hath bene b𝔯ought vp in it, and is the vſe of his countrie, whereas if the ſuperfluous attire were beſtowed on that other part which wanted, he ſhould be no mo𝔯e burthened than befo𝔯e. Euen ſo our number of figures o𝔯 letters ſhall be no mo𝔯e than befo𝔯e, but ſhaped to better purpoſe, leauing all ſuperfluitie, and taking what néede is, as is partly ſayd. Fo𝔯 you may ſée (and you ſhall finde that wée néede them not) I haue left y, and w, wholy. To the c, I haue giuē an addition fo𝔯 ch. The j, conſonant and q, I leaue alſo as wholye ſuperfluous. So are ⁸¹the long ſ, and this figure 𝔯, fo𝔯 that one figure fo𝔯 one ſounde is ſufficient, except we would haue ſto𝔯e, as is vſed of men in battell, o𝔯 fo𝔯 wiues when one huſbande is dead, another to dwell in the place: but we ſée there néedeth no ſuch ſupplye in letters. Further, fo𝔯 yͤ right ⁸²placing of h, I am not ſo much bounde to cuſtome, but {L i} that I may w𝔯ite it as we vſe it in ſpeach, as fo𝔯 theſe wo𝔯ds, what, when 𝔈 where, I doe w𝔯ite, huat, huen and huẹr, and all ſuch like.

I leaue alſo all double conſonants: hauing a marke fo𝔯 the long vowell, there is therby ſufficient knowledge giuen that euerye vnmarked vowell is ſho𝔯t: yet whereas by cuſtome of double conſonants there may be doubt of the length, we may vſe the marke ouer it, of ⁸³the acute tone o𝔯 tune, thus ˊ

Alſo I finde it as reaſonable fo𝔯 vs to vſe ⁸⁴the ab𝔯idgement di, fo𝔯 halfe, ք fo𝔯 our by, and ᵱ fo𝔯 our fo𝔯, as 𝔈 fo𝔯 and, o𝔯 any other ab𝔯idgement, wherein no letter of the ſillable is ſhewed, but ſéeing ⁸⁵&, o𝔯 𝔈, is ſo vniuerſally vſed, I leaue it as I find it, ſo doe I the ⁸⁶x, fo𝔯 that it is in likewiſe vſed vniuerſally in counting fo𝔯 ten, but fo𝔯 voyce it maye be exp𝔯eſſed with ks, which I will often vſe fo𝔯 it, ſéeking to eſchue diuerſitie of figures. The like maye be ſayd of li. fo𝔯 pound, d. fo𝔯 peny, ob, fo𝔯 halfepenye, and q. fo𝔯 farthing, but in s. fo𝔯 ſhilling, is ſome reaſon, of which {n. p.} whatſoeuer I w𝔯ite o𝔯 ſay, I know euery man will vſe as him beſt liketh. But fo𝔯 my part in the fo𝔯mer ab𝔯idgements and ſuch like, ſéeing they varye from the office and right vſe of letters, I will w𝔯ite the ſillables at length, except it be when I would w𝔯ite by ciph𝔯ing: but fo𝔯 the reſt laſt mentioned, I will vſe them with the multitude, and the mo𝔯e willing, fo𝔯 that they ſerue in matter of numb𝔯ing, and naming of kindes of monye: wherewith none commonly deale, other than ſuch as are capable, quickly to learne the ſayd accuſtomed figures.

Acco𝔯dingly will I ſet them in o𝔯der, with their names, and examples of their ſoundes, whereof I begin to w𝔯yte in the next Chapter, and ſo continue all the reſt of this wo𝔯ke: wherewith although that which is ſayde may ſatiſfie the beneuolent, yet the taſte of ſome other will be ſo altered, as the reſt will be right lothſome vnto them, and grieue them to looke thereon, by the ſtraungeneſſe therof: vnto which paine (ſéeing pleaſure is paineful vnto them) I do d𝔯iue them if they will {L ii} vnderſtande the ſame, by the experience wherof, ſome of them may peraduenture finde ſuch ſauour as they maye chaunge their moode. And fo𝔯 that the figures and ſoundes of the vowels are p𝔯eſcribed, here followeth a table of the conſonants and b𝔯eathes, with a declaration of their p𝔯oper vſe and ſounde by this our p𝔯eſent maner of w𝔯iting, fo𝔯 ſuch doubtfull wo𝔯des as are therein w𝔯itten in my following new maner.

Thus I finde in our ſpeach, the firſt of ech of the. vii. Paire, figured by b, v, g, 𝒿, d, ɗ, and ɀ, with the foure liquides o𝔯 ſemiuocales l, m, n, r, and the ժ to haue the dull, dumb, inward o𝔯 groning ſounde of the b𝔯eſt, and the latter of eche of the ſeauen paires neuer to be ſounded (but only b𝔯eathed) otherwiſe then by the helpe of the vowell o𝔯 ſemiuocale, and are p, f, k, ɕ, t, ƥ, and s. and the two other aſpirations o𝔯 b𝔯eathes, thone blowen tho𝔯ow the téeth, and thother fréely without any ſtop from the b𝔯eſt: and are figured δ, and h. ſo there are twelue dumb diuers ſounds, nine diuerſe b𝔯eathes, and the fiue vowels, which make in all. xxvi. 𝔈 I find not that we néede any mo𝔯e ſimple figures. {n. p.}

Of the accidentes vnto vowels, to weete, time, tune, and breath, with Diphthongs and Triphthongs, and an order of diſtinction and pointing vſed thereafter. Cap. vi.

NOwe fo𝔯 the quantitie of ech of the vowels, which is an accident to the voice, to giue knowledge when the vowell ſhall be longer in the ſame ſounde, one marke fo𝔯 that length may ſerue well fo𝔯 all and euery one of them: fo𝔯 which as is ſayde, I vſe a p𝔯icke vnder ech, as thus ạ ẹ ị ọ ụ. And when the following conſonant is to be harder ſounded than accuſtomed (fo𝔯 which we now vſe to double them) the note of the acute vpon the p𝔯ecéeding vowell, may fitly ſerue as is ſayd Folio. 36. 𝔈 when two vowels may come togither, and by the ſpeach are founde in two ſillables, the figure of diuiſion called Dyæreſis may ſerue well, as is ſayd, Folio, 35. which I doe alſo vſe, and of the {L iiii} b𝔯eathes, Folio. 34. 𝔈 35. Now will I ſhew you examples of the Diphthongs made of two ſho𝔯t vowels, and of others of one ſho𝔯t and of another long. And then of triphthongs. With ſho𝔯t vowels, as thus, ⁸⁷(ui uil reid bei ionder uél, huẹr ɗe uat uas uel nẹr tạkn bei ɗe iung hound) which is w𝔯itten fo𝔯 (we wyll ride by yonder well where the Wat was wel neare taken by the yong hound) which doe come very often in our ſpeach.

⁸⁸Of diphthongs whereof one vowell is ſho𝔯t, and the other long as (iụ uẹr uạkịng in ɗe fourƥ toụr, huẹr aɀ ɗe buẹ did poụr uạter upón ɗe huẹt floụr) which I w𝔯ite fo𝔯 (you were waking in the fowerth tower, when as the boye did poure water vppon the wheate flower) which alſo doe come verie often. And fo𝔯 triphtongs as (bi ⁸⁹ueiɀ ov ɗe hueiɀ buei) fo𝔯, be wiſe of the hoyes bowy. And (hark ɗe kat dụƥ ⁹⁰mieu ⁹¹hueilɀ iụ milk ɗe ieu) fo𝔯, hark the Cat doth mewe, whiles you milke the yowe. And a Baſin and ⁹²eaur, fo𝔯, eawer, and certaine others as will be ſéene hereafter. And fo𝔯 th𝔯ée vowels comming togither, and making {n. p.} two ſillables as in example ⁹³(ɗe viuër sẹƥ siuër it is piuër) fo𝔯 (the vewer ſayth ſure it is pure) 𝔈 as in theſe wo𝔯des ⁹⁴(ɗis beiër iɀ heiër ov pouër ɗen ɗe deiër bei hiɀ feiër. Fo𝔯 (this boer is higher of power, than the dier by his fire). And ſo of others when they ſhall come in place hereafter, and fo𝔯 the ⁹⁵Apoſtrophe 𝔈 ⁹⁶coniunction of halfe wo𝔯ds, o𝔯 of diuers wo𝔯ds which ſhall be ſounded togither, their vſe is common.

At laſt, to be readye to enter into my newe maner of w𝔯iting, I will b𝔯ieflye w𝔯ite of diſtinction o𝔯 pointing, which (well obſerued) maye yéelde the matter, much the readier to the ſenſes, as well to the eie as to the eare. Fo𝔯 it ſheweth vs how to reſt: when yͤ ſentence continueth, and when it endeth: how to vnderſtande what is w𝔯itten, and is not néedefull to the ſentence: what ſome tranſlatour o𝔯 new w𝔯iter of a wo𝔯ke, doth adde mo𝔯e than the Autho𝔯 did at firſt w𝔯ite: and alſo what ſentence is aſking: and what is wond𝔯ing: their number is ſeuen, whoſe figures folow. The firſt marked thus , the Gréekes call comma, fo𝔯 which the {M i} Latines and other vulgares haue vſed a ſtrike thus / o𝔯 thus, ∕ 𝔈 called it inciſum, and is in reading the ſho𝔯teſt reſt, neare the time of a Crachet in muſicke, alwayes ſignifying the ſentence vnfiniſhed which we commonly nowe marke ⁹⁷thus , fo𝔯 that the vſe thereof id ſo often to be ſéene, I fo𝔯beare to giue you any other example therof. 

The ſecond marked ⁹⁸thus : yͤ Gréekes call colon, which the Latines interp𝔯ete artus membrorum o𝔯 internodium, which is the ſpace, o𝔯 the bone, fleſhe and ſkinne betwixt two ioyntes, and ſo (accompting a full ſentence, as a complete bodie) theſe two p𝔯ickes may well ſignifie a great part therof, : as of the body, may be taken from the ancle ioint to the knée, and from the knée to the huckle o𝔯 buttock ioynt: and knowing thereby that there is mo𝔯e to come, whereas the other firſt reſt o𝔯 comma, doth but in maner deuide the ſmall parts (betwixt the ioynts) of the hands and féete.

And the laſt of theſe th𝔯ée is a p𝔯icke ⁹⁹thus . to ſignifie the ende of a full and {n. p.} perfite ſentence, as the head and féete are the extréeme endes of a body, which p𝔯ick the Gréekes and Latines with many other nations doe vſe: and the ſentence befo𝔯e it, they call Periodus that is in latine circuitus vel ambitus, and after ſome compregentio, and we ſentence, after which we vſe to begin with a great letter. Anye one of the other foure markes, although they may be fo𝔯 perfite ſentences, yet may they be put within other longer ſentences. As ¹⁰⁰the Parentheſeos, which Gréeke wo𝔯d vnderſtand to be a putting in, o𝔯 an addition of ſome other matter by the waye: which being left out yet the ſentence remayneth good. And note that it may be put in any part of the ſentence, except it be at the beginning o𝔯 ende: and the ſayd Parentheſis are moſt ſo ſho𝔯t as there doth ſeldome chaunce in it anye other of the th𝔯ée fo𝔯eſayde points. Sometimes the right halfe circle is vſed of the tranſlatour to ſignifie his expoſition o𝔯 gloſe, vpon ſome wo𝔯de o𝔯 ſentence, and ſome doe vſe both fo𝔯 that purpoſe: wherby {M ii} it is to be knowen to be the tranſlato𝔯s mynde, and not the Autho𝔯s, and then they be not vſed fo𝔯 interpoſition of ſentence: fo𝔯 which vſe the two laſt herevnder are moſt vſed. The vſe of the Parentheſis is ſo wel knowen as I néede to giue none example of it. No mo𝔯e doe I of the interrogatiue o𝔯 admiratiue, but that they are moſt full ſentences of themſelues, 𝔈 therefo𝔯e are alſo marked with the full ſentence, point o𝔯 p𝔯icke in the line, adding therto ¹⁰¹fo𝔯 aſking aboue yͤ line thus ? 𝔈 ¹⁰²fo𝔯 wond𝔯ing thus ! And fo𝔯 the marke of the interrogatiue and admiratiue, I woulde thinke it mo𝔯e reaſonable to vſe them befo𝔯e then after, bicauſe their tunes doe differ from our other maner of p𝔯onunciation at the beginning of the ſentence. Which I thought good to remember, but to vſe them as they are receiued, ſéeing the matter is of no great moment. There reſteth yet to ſaye ſomewhat of theſe laſt paire [ ] which differ from yͤ p𝔯op𝔯ietie of the Parentheſis: fo𝔯 it is neuer vſed of the Autho𝔯, and firſt w𝔯iter of any matter, but in tranſlations, commentaries {n. p.} and expoſitions: in tranſlations, as is ſayd aboue of the figures of interpoſition, when as they haue no fo𝔯ce of Parentheſis in expoſitions and commentaries contrarywiſe the w𝔯iter noteth the text (whether it be wo𝔯de o𝔯 ſentence) ſome with both, others with the right half, then following he w𝔯iteth his commentarie o𝔯 expoſition. Thus to your twelue figures fo𝔯 your diuers dumbe ſounds and ſeauen diuers b𝔯eathed conſonantes, and two ſimple b𝔯eathes, with your fiue vowels ech ſho𝔯t o𝔯 ſharpe, o𝔯 long when it is ſo ſounded with the diphthongs and triphthongs which maye come of them, with the other accents and diſtinctions o𝔯 pointing befo𝔯e particularly (though b𝔯iefly) declared: and vſing all acco𝔯dingly, I thinke euerye reaſonable man (yea, I mought ſay, childe o𝔯 youth that can read and doth vnderſtand that which is befo𝔯e ſaid) may aſſuredly, without any occaſion of doubt, reade all that which followeth.

I woulde gladly haue had letters fo𝔯 the capitals, greater 𝔈 thicker than thoſe hereafter, alwayes of one ſo𝔯t 𝔈 making, {M iii} fo𝔯 want whereof fo𝔯 this imp𝔯eſſion I doe vſe a ſtrike befo𝔯e them, which I haue done fo𝔯 the yong and new learners behoofe: fo𝔯 that I woulde not their eyes ſhoulde be troubled with two figures differing in ſhape, fo𝔯 anye one ſimple voice, ſound, o𝔯 b𝔯eath, when as one may ſuffice, and much leſſe fo𝔯 ſo many.

Now ſome ſuch as haue well conſidered the p𝔯emiſſes maye thinke my meaning to be good, and yet can not be perſwaded my purpoſe ſhould euer be ſo p𝔯ofitable as I haue p𝔯omiſed in my p𝔯eface, fo𝔯 that the p𝔯eſent maner is ſo plentifully ſp𝔯ead, and that in great volumes, and is vniuerſallye receyued, and well liked of, as it ſhoulde be a maruailous labour and charge to allowe a new maner. And therefo𝔯e it is the moſte p𝔯ofitable to be contented with the olde. That is, ſaye I, bicauſe no better no𝔯 mo𝔯e certaine o𝔯der hath bene hitherto laid befo𝔯e them. Theſe men meane to be content with Aco𝔯nes as their p𝔯edeceſſours were, contenting themſelues with Hides and Felles fo𝔯 their clothing, and Apernes to gather {n. p.} their aco𝔯nes in, and dwell in their dens, rather than to fell the wood, and make them houſes therewith, to ſtoke vp the rootes and make the grounde arable, to plowe the grounde and ſowe and reape good co𝔯ne. And therefo𝔯e I ſay, how long ſoeuer our p𝔯edeceſſo𝔯s haue vſed our p𝔯eſent maner, when we do not receyue and enioy therby the benefite of a perfite w𝔯iting, but contrarywiſe do finde great diſo𝔯ders in it, (as it hath appered) we ſhould rather imb𝔯ace than repugne the better and mo𝔯e p𝔯ofitable, and be aſhamed of our fo𝔯mer rudeneſſe: fo𝔯 in amendment of any thing it is better late than neuer.

{n. p.}

An exersịɀ ov ɗat huiɕ iɀ sẹd: huẹr-in iɀ declạrd, hou ɗe rest ov ɗe consonants arm ạd bei ɗinstruments ov ɗe mouƥ: hiuɕ uaɀ omitted in ɗe premiseɀ, for ɗat ui did not muɕ abiuɀ ɗem. Cap. Vị

In ɗis tịtժ abuv-uritn, ei konsider ov ɗeị, in exersịɀ, & ov ɗe u, in instruments: ɗe leik ov ɗe ị, in tịtժ, huiɕ ɗe kómon man, and mani lernd, dụ SSound in ɗe diphƥongs ei, and iu: iet ei uld not ƥink it mịt to ureit ɗem, in dọɀ and leik Uurds, huẹr ɗe sound ov ɗe voël Oonlli, mẹ bi as uel álouëd in our spịɕ, as ɗat ov ɗe diphƥong iuɀd ovɗe riud: and so fár ei álou observasion for derivasions. ∾ /hierbei iu mẹ persẹv, ɗat our singժ sounding and ius of letters, mẹ in proses ov teim, bring our họl nasion tu ọn serten, perfet and Jjeneral spẹking. ∾ /huer-in δi must bi riuled bei ɗe lernd from teim tu teim. ∾ /and ei kan not blạm ani man tu ƥink ɗis maner ov niu ureiting stran𝒿, for ei du konfés it iɀ stran𝒿 tu mei self, ɗob befọr {n. p.} ei hạv ended ɗe ureiting, and iu ɗe rịding ov ɗiɀ bụk, ei dout not bọd iu and ei δal ƥink our lạburs uel bestoëd. ∾ /and not-uiɗ-standing ɗat ei hạv devịɀd ɗis niu maner ov ureiting for our /ingliδ, ei miẹn not ɗat /latin δuld bi-uritn in ɗeɀ leters, no mọR ɗen ɗe /grịkọr /hebriu, nẹɗer uld ei ureit t’ani man ov anu stran𝒿 nasion in ɗeɀ léurs, but huen aɀ ei-uld gladli konterfet hiɀ spịɕ uiɗ mei tung, so-uld ei hiɀ ureiting uiɗ mei hand. ∾ /iet huo kuld let mi t’iuɀ mei pén ɗe best ei kuld, ɗerbei t’átẹn ɗe sụner tu ɗe perfet pronunsiasion, ov ani stran𝒿 spịɕ: but ureiting /ingliδ, ui mẹ (aɀ is sẹd) iuɀ for evri stran𝒿 ụrd, ɗe sạm marks or léters ov ɗe voises huiɕ ui du feind in spịɕ, uiɗout ani-uɗer regard tu δiọ bei-ureiting huens ɗe-ụrd iɀ boroëd, ɗen aɀ ui du-in spẹking. ∾ /for suɕ kurioɀite in superflụɀ léters, for derivasion or diferens, and so furƥ, iɀ ɗe disordring and konfounding, ov ani-ureiting: kontrari tu ɗe lau-ov ɗe perfeksion ɗerof, and agenst aul rẹɀon: huer-bei, it δuld bi obedient untu ɗe pronunsiasion, aɀ tu hir lạdi-and mistres: and so, ád or diminiδ aɀ δi δaul in suksés ov teim kómaund. ∾ /furɗer bi-iu {N 1} aɗvertiɀed, ɗat ei mẹ oftn iuɀ bọɗ ɗe feluɀ or sisters ov ọn pẹr, in ọn ụrd, at ọn teim ɗ’ọn, and at an-uɗer teim ɗ’uɗer. ∾ /aɀ for exāpժ in ɗis hiuɕ ei hạv hier-befọr uritn, in ɗis ụrd ius, uiɗ s, and hạv uritn ɗe sạm ụrd aulso, uiɗ hir felụɀ, so hạv ei dụn ui’ ɗ’artikժ ov and of. For ɗat ui du-iuɀ ɗem so in spịɕ. ∾ /hier, bei ɗeksampժ ov ɗ’ /hẹbriu dagheɀing and rapheïng, ov six ov ɗẹr konsonants, and priking ov ɗe riht or left seid ov ɗẹr léter /sin, iɀ noted ɗe dubժ ius ov our sẹd 7. pẹrɀ of felu konsonants, and ɗoh it bi not in ɗe sạm sort, aɀ it tạk it: for our díferens iɀ tu kno huen ɗ’ọn haƥ ɗ’inuard sound and ɗ’uɗer not: and ɗẹrɀ, iSS huen ɗ’ọn iɀ harder brẹɗd ɗan ɗ’uɗer, aɀ mẹ bi from our b, and bh, if ui-iuɀd it: ov ɗe g, soft, and ɗe gh aspịrd, aɀ ɗe /fleming duɗ iuɀ it: from our d, and dh, in suɕ-ueiɀ aɀ is sẹd hier-after ov ɗe ph: our and ɗe /grịk, from ch. and x. p, from ph, not aɀ ui-and ɗe modern /grịks du-in ɗe sound ov f, huiɕ if ɗe hih /duɕ had found gụd, ɗẹ kuld as uel hạv iuɀd ph, aɀ pf, in pfund for our poūd: but if ɗe had tạkn ɗe h, ɗẹ-uld hạv brẹɗd it in ɗis plạs, as ɗe du-auluẹɀ: huiɕ iɀ aɀ ui muht for pound in ɗis ueiɀ p-hound: so ɗe ureit pfeiff for a fliut or peip, huiɕ if it had bein uritn {n. p.} uiɗ ph, ɗẹ uld hạv soūded it aɀ muht bi p-heiff: so for oepffel, æp-hel offen, ọp-hen: pflaum, p-hlaum: pfennig, p-hennig: in huiɕ ụrds ui in /ingliδ, hạving δạpt ɗem uiɗout ɗe f, or h, iet ui brẹd ɗe h, softli and sẹ: p-heip, ap-hel, p-hlum, ọp-hen and p-héni: ov ɗe t, from th, aɀ ui-iuɀ th, in ɗe river ov /thạms, /thomas and /sathan, aɀ ɗe /ualδ du-aluẹɀ iuɀ it: and ɗe /duɕ in ɗẹɀ ụrds ɀům theil theủr, thor and thün, in /ingliδ sum dẹl diër, dọr and dụn: huiɕ, ar never konfounded in ɗe sound or breƥ ov eɗer ɗ, or ƥ. ∾ ɗ’/hebrius fọr-sẹd daghes iɀ a prik in ɗe bodi-ov ɗe léter, iu gịv ɗe knọle𝒿 ov a harder, and raphe a litժ lein ọvr-ot for ɗe softer sound. ∾ /ei remember ɗat sum ov our grámarians for ɗe present mihi, and nihil, did ureit michi and nichil, and so sounded ch, in ɗe sound ov ɕ, aɀ ei aulso remember ɗe /frenδ did in δ, huiɕ bọɗ ui, and ɗe hạv uel left preɀentlei. ∾ /and huer-aɀ ɗe béter lerned sort hạv iuɀd ch, in /michaelmas, aɀ’t-uẹr uritn uiɗ kh, or k, alọn, aɀ abụv: in mani plạses ov /ingland ɗe kuntreman iɀ ákustumed tụ sẹ for ɗe quarter ɗẹ /miɕelmas: and iet hi-uil kaul hiɀ kompanion /mihel. ∾ /and so ɗe /norɗren man {N 2} seɀ mikl for our miɕ or muɕ, kirk for ɕurɕ, and suɕ leik. ∾ /hier-bei’t-iɀ evident ɗat ni abiuɀ ɗe h, tu mạk it serv so diverslei uiɗ konsonants aɀ ui dụ, huiɕ (aɀ iɀ bifọr-sẹd ov ɗe voëls) ui-ar konstrẹnd tu du, hạving no several léters for ɗoɀ konsonant sounds: huiɕ ui-iuɀ in our spịɕ, huiɕ sounds ɗe /latins never had, nor ɗe /duɕ, nor /frenδ, nor ɗ’/italian. ∾ /for ɗe /latin, from huom ɗe sẹd nasions uiɗ vs, du bọr’ our léters. Æneas Siluius in his treatis de liberorum educatione, uẹr ɗe láter end, ureiting de aſpiratione sẹƥ: Apud Latinos nulla conſona aspiratur. /and a litժ after hi noteƥ ɗat iiij. ar iuɀd tu b’aspịrd in /grịk ụrds, to uịt c, p, r, t, aɀ Chremes, Philoſophus, Rhetor, and Thraſo. and uɗer derivasions ov ɗe /grịk: and dụƥ aulso ɗẹr nọt, ɗat ɗe /latins uẹr not skrupelus in observing ov derivasion, aɀ mei kontrarieɀ uld hạv us, aɀ Filius, Fama, and Ferè, ɗẹ hạv aluẹɀuritn uiɗ f, ɗoh ɗẹ bi derịvd from ɗe /grịk. /ɗe leik iɀ ɗer in annotationes Ioachimi Camerarii, Iohannis Sichardi, aliorumq́_Ȝ doctiſsimorum in vtraq́_Ȝ lingua virorum: upon Quintilian, {n. p.} in an imprésion at Basil bei Robert Winter in Anno, 1543. In ɗe first bụk in ɗe feivƥ ɕapter, de literis & eorum poteſtate, ſub litera e. et F, litera vtimur pro aſpirato: quæ enim Græci per φ, enunciarunt, Latini per F, maluerūt: vt fama, fagus, fur, afer. Quæ igitur Græci inquit, aſpirate pronunciarūt, nos quidem non aſpirate dicimus, ſed tamen conſimiliter. ∾ /ɗ’understanding huer of mẹ litժ profit ani-uɗer ɗen ɗe /grámarian, huerfọr ei du not ingliδ it. ∾ /and ɗen folụeƥ ɗis sentens: Docuit enim & Priſcianus, inter F, & φ, proferendum differentiam esse. &c. vt Burrhus pro Pyrrho, Bruges pro Phrygibus, Balæna pro Phalena. ∾ / huiɕ ſignifeiëƥ: and Priſcian triuli tauht, ɗat ɗer iɀ a diferens in pronunsiasion betuikst f, and ph, and so furƥ, aɀ Burrhus, for Pyrrho, Bruges for ɗe Phrygians, Balæna for Phalæna. ∾ /and Quintilian resiteƥ ɗẹr in ɗe text ɗat Cicero lauht a grịk ọn tu skorn in spẹking Fundanio, for ɗat hi kụld not pronouns ɗe first léter ov ɗ’ụrd aɀ ɗe /latins did. ∾ /huer-bei in mẹ persẹv ɗ’aunsient /latins {N 3} urạt aɀ ɗẹ spạk and understụd ɗe /grịks aspịring of p, tu bi nẹr leik aɀ ui muht aspịr b, and ɗerfọr urạt ɗȯɀ ụrds uiɗ b, ɗoh ɗe /grịks urạt ɗem uiɗ ph. ∾ /for ɗe riht sound ov p, brẹɗd, kan not bi diskreibd in /ingliδ ákụstumed ureiting, for ɗat ui-iuɀ ɗe f, for ɗ’abiuɀd sound ɗerof, and kontrari-ueiɀ du sound ph, in /grịk ụrds in ɗe sạm sound iu-iuɀ ɗ’f, huiɕ duɗ ápịr (bei ɗat is sẹd) oht not tu bi so sounded: but brẹɗd aɀ in ɗe /duɕ examples befọr ∾ /and ɗohei hạv δeuëd in hier-befọr hou-ui du-iuɀ ɗe t, brẹɗd in /thạms, /thomas, and /sathan, iet ei-uil sẹ som-huat mọr ɗerof in ɗis plạs, ɗe /latins in translating ov /grịk ụrds for ɗẹr ius, hạv put θ intu boɗ t, and d, as ϑρίαμβος triumhphus, ϑἑος deus, ϑεα dea: but du-iuɀ th, aɀ in Thema, Theſis, Thermopola, and mani-uɗer suɕ ụrds aɀ ɗẹ bọr’ ov ɗe /grịks. ∾ /and ui-iuɀ tu brẹɗ it riht also-in ɗeɀ ụrds of thůni fiδ, herb theim, medesin thriakժ, thrẹɀiur and thron, in huiɕ aɀ in ɗe abụv-sẹd /thạms, /thomas, and /sathan, ui-iuɀ it aɀ du-aul /duɕland over and neɗer, and aɀ du ɗ’/italian, /frenδ, and /spaniard, non ov ɗem having ɗọɀ sounds in aul ɗẹr spịɕes hụiɕ ui {n. p.} hạv givn tu th, nor never had ɗe /latins ɗem, ɗerfọr hou kụld ui-ureit ɗem ui’ ɗe /latin léters, iet our predesésors abiuɀd ɗe d, in as, and aul ɗe kompounds ɗerof in ɗe sound ov ɗ, eksept ɗ’ụrd huer-uiɗ it iɀ kompounded began uiɗ d, aɀ dico, and duco, in suɕ ɗe foloïng d, did konstrẹn ɗem tu scund ɗe t, in ɗe sound ov ƥ, in ɗe ƥird persons singuler ov aul verbs aktivɀ and neuters ending in t, uiɗ a voel befọr it: and for d, in apud, ɗe t, in caput, &c. aɀ iɀ plẹnli sẹd in ɗ’orthographi ov ɗe grámer, huiɕ not-uiɗ-standing ei fẹr mi, sum of mein elders bịing broht up ɗerin: uil ƥink ɗẹ kan not spẹk béter nou ɗen ɗẹ did huen ɗẹ-uẹr iung, espesiälei ɗat huiɕ ɗẹ lernd in ɗẹ grámers skụl: but huat! Iu meƥink ei-am nou forƥ ov mei máter, tu ureit ov spẹking, huer-as ei purpọɀd but tu δio hou-ui muht most fitli ureit ɗat ƥing ui spẹk! So ei du, ɗoh ei-ureit hier ov ɗ’il spẹking ov /latin, in suɕ ov our /ingliδ sounds aɀ ɗe /latins nor no nasion els (tu mei knole𝒿) but ɗe /ualδ (from huom it must nịds bi, our predesésors hạv lernd ɗem) and our /ingliδ /gresians du-iuɀ. ∾ /nou for ɗe brẹɗing ov c, (for huiɕ ei iuɀ ɕ) ui abiuɀ {N 4} muɕ, but hạv iuɀd rihtli-oftn aɀ in ɗe nạms ov Cham, Chanahan, Chryſoſtom, Charybdis, and in ɗẹɀ ụrds, chronikժ, chart ov a kuntrẹ, choler, a karia𝒿 chart, a chandժ, a chamel, ɗe herb sichore, and mani-ụɗer, and aɀ aul Duɕ-land, and ɗe /florentein du-iuɀ it auluẹɀ. ∾ /huiɕ sound ov ɕ, ɗe /italian and hih /duɕ and /spaniard hạv, aɀ is sẹd, and δaul-bi in ɗe nekst ɕapter: but ɗe /frenδ in mani ụrds huer-in ɗ’ori𝒿inal /latin iɀ uritn uiɗ c, ɗẹ ureit ch, sounding it aɀ our sh, huer-aɀ ui du kịp ɗe sound ch, aɀ ei hạv abuv-sẹd, or of k, aɀ Campus ui sẹ kamp, and ɗe /frenδ, δaump: Cattus, a kát, ung δat: Caules, kọlụrts, in /frenδ shoulx: Capus, a kạpn, shappon: Carbo, kọl, sharbon: Caſtellum, kastժ, shạteau: Caldarium, a kauderon or kétժ, shaudiere. ∾ /iet ov lạt sum ov ɗem hạv espeid ɗ’éror, and hạv deveiɀd tu boro ɗe spaniδ c, uiɗ an s, vnder, ɗus ç. and oftn, ui hạv turnd ɗe /latin c, intu ɗe sound ov ɕ, aɀ Caſtus, ɕast: caſtigatio, ɕastiɀing, caſeus, ɕịɀ: capitulum, ɕapter: cantor, a ɕaunter: cantio, an inɕauntment: cancellarius, a ɕauncelour: cambio, ei ɕạn𝒿: capella, a ɕápel: camerarius, a {n. p.} ɕamberlain: ceraſus, a ɕeritrị: ceraſum, a ɕeri: cathedra, a ɕẹr: huiɕ ɗe /frenδ turn intu sh, as ɗe rest: eksept it bi for ɕịɀ, huich ɗẹ hạv not derịvd from /latin, but kaul it /forma𝒿e ∾ /and hier iɀ tu bi noted, bei huat reɀon ui sẹ-and ureit, kart, karter, kamel, and kandel, and iet ụrds derivd from ɗem, ui-alter intu ɗe sound of ɕ, aɀ in ɕariot, ɕar-koժ, ɕamlet and ɕaundier: huer-in mi ƥinks uẹr sum profit tu kịp ɗe sound ov ɗẹr primitivs, sịing ɗ etimologi ov ɗe ụrd muht ɗe beter bi knọn ɗer-bei, if derivasion uẹr so nịdful tu bi kept aɀ sum du ƥink. ∾ /and for ɗat ɗe kómon ius iɀ tu-ureit, kart, kandժ, kamel and karter uiɗ k, or c, uiɗout ɗe h, ei mẹ turn ɗẹr oun en𝒿in agenst ɗem-selvs, and feind faut in ɗat ɗẹ ureit not aɀ ɗ’ori𝒿inal ụrds ar, tu gịv mi knọle𝒿 huens ɗe ụrd iɀ derivd. ∾ /and ɗat muht ɗẹ uel dụ it ɗe c, uẹr aspịrd, aɀ is sẹd in Cham, Chanahan, and choler &c. /huiɕ iɀ noƥing nẹr ɗe sound ov out most kómon abius ov ch, huer-fọr ei hạv deveiɀd ɕ ∾ /ɗus ei trust iu-under-stand súfisientlei hou rẹɀonabժ it iɀ, tu-iuɀ ɗe léter ov ɗe breƥ h, onli bifọr and after voelɀ and suɕ sounds aɀ ar mạd onli-ov ɗem: and for ɗe kómoditi huiɕ (bei ɗis teim iu mẹ {O 1} si) ɗer mẹ kum tu ɗe living ov our nasion and our posteriti, bei resẹving ov so mani léters aɀ ui-iuɀ voises, sounds or brẹɗs and iuɀing ɗem auluẹɀ in ɗẹr proper and pekulier ófises, iu uil not bi so muɕ ófended at ɗis invension, aɀ peradventiur iu uẹr ar first opening ov ɗe bụk. ∾ /and for mei lẹving ov serten léters huer-of ui had. Ij. δạps for ọn sound, aɀ ɗIS 𝔯, & long ſ, and often x, ui sị hueɗer ui bi súfisiētlei servd uiɗout ɗem or not. ∾ /hiuɕ exsés ov sum léters, and uant ov uɗers, Priſcian noted in ureting ov ɗe aksidents ov léters, huer hị sëƥ, Authoritas quoq́_Ȝ tam Varronis quam Macri, teſte Cenſorino, nec k, nec q, neq́_Ȝ h, in numero adhibet literarū. Videntur tamē & i, u, cum in conſonantes tranſeunt, quātū ad poteſtatē, quod maximū eſt in elemētis, aliæ literæ eſſe præter ſupradictas. Multum enim intereſt, utrum vocales ſint an conſonantes: ſicut enim, quamuis in varia figura, & vario nomine ſint k, & q, & C, tamen quia unam vim habent tam in metro, quam in ſono, pro una litera accipi debent: ſic i, & u, quamuis unum nomen & unam habent figuram, tam {n. p.} vocales quam conſonantes, tamen quia deuerſum ſonum, & diuerſam vim habent in metris, & in pronuntione ſyllabarum, non ſint in eiſdem (meo iudicio) elements accipiendæ. ∾ /and so hi prosịdeth δeuïng ɗe díferens betuixt ɗe voël and ɗe konsonant. ∾ /huer-bei iu mẹ sị, hị (nor ɗọɀ autours befọr him) did ákount noɗer k, nor q, nor h, in ɗe number ov ɗe /latin alphabet, and deklạrd plẹnli ɗat huen i, and u, uẹr mạd konsonants ɗẹ sịmd tu bi-uɗer léters, (touɕing ɗẹr pouërs, huiɕ iɀ ɗe ɕịfest in elements) ɗen ɗ’abụv-sẹd, tu uịt ɗen voëls. ∾ /and kompạrs ɗat leik aɀ k, q, and c, hạv divers δạps and nạms, and hạv but ọn pouër, aɀ-uel in mịter aɀ in sound, and ɗerfọr oht tu bi tạkn for ọn léter: so i, and u, ɗoh ɗẹ hạv ọn nạm and ọn figiur, as-uel being voëlɀ aɀ konsonants, iet bikauɀ ɗẹ hạv deivers sounds and deivers pouërs, boɗ in miters and in pronunsiasion of sílabժs, ɗẹ bị not (bei his opinion) tu bi tạkn for ɗe self and sạm elements ∾ /ov huiɕ opinion uaɀ aulso Claudius Cæſar, ɗemperour, huo hueilst hi uaɀ a private man, found uant ov léters, for ɗe /latin ureiting, and ɗen mạd a treatiɀ, huer-in hi δeuëd ɗe reSSons hou {O 2} mịt it uas, tu-iuɀ ƥrị-uɗer léters fit for ɗe voises spọkn: huiɕ hi found tu bi for ɗe v, konsonant ɗe Aeolian /grịk gáma dubled ọn abọv ɗụɗer leik ɗe /romain kapital F, but turned doun-uard ɗus Ⅎ, huiɕ huen hi kạm tu bi /emperour, uas muɕ iuɀd boɗ in /rọm, and els-huer, but ɗe knọle𝒿 ɗerof kạm untu but a feu in respect ov ɗe multitiud, huer-fọr it tụk nọn éfekt after him. ∾ /ɗ’ius ɗerof uas ment tu hạv kept ɗe u, auluais voël (aɀ ei du in ɗis treatis, and urạt SerℲus and Ⅎixit for Servus and vixit, and ɗe /iota an-uɗer to put a díferens betuixt ɗe I, voël and konsonant, huiɕ iu sị Priſcian feindeƥ reɀonabժ: and ɗe ɗird uas ψ, for huiɕ ɗe /latins found ɗer ij. léters bs, or ps, aɀ gud. ∾ /iu mẹ rịd ɗer-of in ɗe. xij. bụk ov Cornelius Tacitus, aulso C. Suetonius and A. C. Sabellicus du-ureit ɗer-of. ∾ /huiɕ aulso ɗe /grámarians and /orators, Papirian, Priſcian and Quintilian hạv remembred in treating ov léters. ∾ /Æneas Silvius at ɗend ov ɗe sekond presept of hiɀ /rhetorik sẹƥ ɗe /grịk x, uaɀ found bei on Karment in ɗe teim ov Octavian, mạd leik a krós, signifeíng ɗe misteri ov ɗe krusifeiịng ov /khrist tu kum: huiɕ hi mẹneƥ tu bi {n. p.} borouëd ov ɗe /grịks, and put t’-an-uɗer ius ɗen ov r ɗẹ did, huiɕ uaɀ from ɗe sound ov our kh, tu gs, ks, or cs, huiɕ ɗẹ iuɀd befọr, and iu mẹ feind it reɀonabժ δuld bi so stil, for máter ov vois but for numbring iu mẹ iuɀ de x, aɀ most fit and kómodious ɗer-unto. ∾ /and furɗer in ɗe sạm presept hi sẹƥ aulso, ɗat ɀ, uaɀ but niuli found, and ɗat ɗe /latins uẹr ụnt tu ureit ɗe dubժ s, ɗerfọr: but ɗe soundɗerof is béter exprést uiɗ ds, huiɕ mi ɗinks bad bin mọr fit ɗan ɗe ss. ∾ ɗe /grịk, in old teims did iuɀ ɗẹr H, cut in .ij. ɗus Ͱ (aɀ ɗẹ du iet uiƥ ɗẹr grẹt léters (ɗ’ọn tu signifei ɗer aspiration /daseia, and ɗ’uɗer ɗẹr /psile, huiɕ ɗe /latins hạv tạkn huọl forr ɗẹr brẹƥ and so hạv ui-and uɗer nasions from ɗem. ∾ /histori-ureiters du deklạr ɗat léters uẹr not invented aul at ọns, nor bei ọn man, but in divers ạ𝒿es ∾ /ɗus in lẹving ov old or tạking of niu léters ui must bi riuled bei ɗe multitiud ov ɗe létred, huiɕ kan iuɀ ov ɗe reɀon & kómodite bei ɗ’uɗer. ∾ /and for kustum or ureiting aɀ ui find it ov our fọr.faɗers: for ɗat our predesésours uẹr never bound tu ɗe leik, no mọr ar ui at ɗis preɀent. ∾ /ei tạk Quintilian for mein autor {O 3} (huo uiɗ mani uɗers) duɗ deklạr, in his sẹd first bụk treating ov orthographi, hou léters hạv from teim tu teim bin ɕan𝒿d ọn in ɗe plạs ov an-uɗer, and so bei rẹɀon, and for gud sound, ar kontinued: aɀ nạmlei for vortices and vorſus (uiɗ uɗers in ɗe sạm maner (hi sẹƥ Scipio ɗ’African did first ɕaun𝒿 ɗe o, intu e. ∾ /and ɗat ɗe skụlmạsters ov hiɀ dẹɀ urạt ceruom and ſeruom, uiɗ u and o, bikaus ɗe o, kuld not 𝒿iuín and bi konfounded in ọn sound uiƥ ɗe u, voël, huiɕ nou iɀ uritn uiɗ an u, dubled, iet bei neɗer ov ɗem uaɀ ɗe sound ov ɗe spịɕ deklạrd. ∾ /as mani lerned men els du, so duƥ aulso Æneas Silvius veri lar𝒿li deklạr ɗe ɕaung ov léters from ɗe radikaul or first ụrd, tu ɗe diuers uẹs in maner and teim huerin it mẹ bi spọkn, ákording to ɗe best and most perfet spịɕ iuɀd, aɀ iu mẹ sị in hiɀ treatiɀ, de liberorum educatione, in ɗe tịtժs, Quomodo consonantes geminari poſſunt, & literæ mutari, and ɗe nekst after, Quomodo varientur literæ. &c. ∾

/ɗus muɕ hạv ei sẹd ov ɗe kustum of ureiting, bikaus sum lernd men in printing of Quintilians ụrks, hạv ɕaungd a ụrd, making {n. p.} ɗe sentens klịn agenst ɗ’autors meind: and ɗerfọr t’ópọɀ ɗem, and to kauɀ ɗe kóreksion ɗer-of ɗe best ei mẹ, in his sentens seited in ɗe. 9. Lef ov ɗiɀ bụk, ei hạv put NON quod conſuetudo, and ɗat to giv suɕ kórupters ov ani manɀ sens a uarning ov ɗẹr èrour. ∾ Quintilian treating ɗe next ɕapter befọr ov kustum: Supereſt igitur conſuetudo. &c. ∾ /huer hi sẹƥ it uẹr a máter tu bi lauht at, t’áfekt ɗe old spịɕ mọr ɗen ɗat iɀ spọkn, and ɗerfor it iɀ nesésari tu kno huat ui δaul kaul kustum: ɗat if it δuld tạk nạm ov ɗat ɗe most ɗu, it δuld bi a most daun𝒿erous presept, not onli for ɗe maner ov spịɕ, but (ɗat huiɕ iɀ gréter (ov leif. ∾ /huens δaul ɗat blésing kum, ɗat triu and gụd ƥings δaul plẹɀ mani? ɗe veises huiɕ mẹ bi iuɀd ov ɗe multitiud, δaul bi no kustum, but in spẹking, ui kno ɗe unexpert vulgar du spẹk riudlei. ∾ /ɗer-fọr ei uil kaul kustum ov spịɕ, ɗe konsent ov ɗe lerned, aɀ ov living ɗe konsent ov gud men. ∾ /ɗen in his sẹd ɕapter ov orthographi. Verū orthographia quoq́_Ȝ conſuetudini ſeruit, ideoq́_Ȝ ſæpe mutata eſt. Nam illa vetuſtiſsima tranſeo tempora, quibus & pauciores literæ, nec ſimiles his noſtris {n. p.} earum firne fuerunt, & uis quoq́_Ȝ diuerſa ſicut apud Græcos. &c. and a litժ after De mutatione etiam literarum, de qua ſupra dixi, nihil repetere hic neceſſe eſt. Fortaſsè ſicut ſcribebant, etiam ita loquebantur. ∾ /hier-bei it deƥ apịr ɗat ei hạv iuɀd ɗe fọrsẹd, non, tu bring ɗe sentens tu Quintilians meaning, from ɗat ɗe first kórekter, ei δuld sẹ kórupter, and uɗers after him, hạv put in niſi in deivers prints, under-standing ɗat hi had ment ov ɗe kustum ov ureiting, frạming ɗe sentens ɗat Quintilian δuld bi kontented tu bi subiekt tu ɗe kustom ov ureiting, and ɗerfọr tu-iuɀ it so-aɀ hi found it, hueraɀ iu mẹ sị beit ɗat is abụv-sed, and bei-aul ɗe rest of hiɀ fọrsed sentens, ɗat hiɀ mẹning uas ov ɗe kustum ov spịɕ & ákordingli, ei feind: Ego vero quod &c aɀ huo so list mẹ sị in /polɀ /ɕurɕ-iard at ɗe sein ov ɗe brạɀn /serpent. Iiij. kopies ov ɗ’ọn and as mani ov ɗ’uɗer sort. ∾ /but t’ez and satisfei suɕ aɀ ẹɗer uil not tạk ɗe pẹn, or for distans ov plạs kan not kómodiuɀlei, ei hạv nọted hierafter ɗe plạses, ɗe teims, and printers nạims. At Paris, Anno. 1516. ex officina Iodoci Badij aſcencij. /aulso ɗer, 1527. {n. p.} Nicholai Sauatier. /at Bazil. 1528. Ioanni Soter. /and ɗer. 1549. Roberti Winter, in huiɕ. iiij. kopiës it iɀ Ego vero quod. &c. /and at Colein. 1541. Ioannis Gimnici. /at Paris. 1562. Stephani. /at Antuerp. 1548. Iohannis Loeï. /at Bazil. 1561. Nicholai Briling, iɀ printed Ego niſi quod. &c. ∾ /huiɕ láter sort ɗe kórektor ov ɗe first kọpi, understụd ɗat Quintilian (bikạuɀ it is uritn in ɗe ɕapter ov orthographi) ment it tu bi conſuetudo ſcriptionis, or uld fọrs us so t’understand him, and found ɗat niſi ụld frạm béter for ɗat purpoɀ: bue bei ɗat iɀ sẹd it duƥ plẹnli ápịr ɗat hi ment as ɗoh hi had uritn at lengƥ. Ego vero quod conſuetudo ſermonis obtinuerit: ſic. &c. /aɀ ɗe rest of ɗe sentens duƥ rịd his former ɕapter De conſuetudine, and duƥ consider ɗe diskụrs ov hiɀ orthographi huerin iɀ urítn ɗe sentens abuv-sẹd, Verum orthographia quoq́_Ȝ conſuetudini ſeruit, ideoq́_Ȝ ſæpe mutata eſt: must be forsed tu konfés ɗat hi ment ov ɗe kustum ov spịɕ. ∾ /huer-fọr tu ɗat maintẹner ov kustum and his adherents, huer-bei our ureiting muht kontiniu-in {P. 1} disorder, ei ƥoht it gụd at ɗe beginning ov ɗiɀ bụk, tu gịv ɗem t’understand Quintilians meaning, and ɗerfọr urạt non quod conſuetudo obtinuerit. /and du bilịv ɗat if Quintilian had ƥoht ɗat ani mā δuld ever hạv understụd him so, hi-ụld hạv áded ɗat ụrd ſermonis, aɀ abụv, tu hạv put ɗe máter out ov aul dout, aɀ hi duƥ at ɗ’end ov his ɕaper De conſuetudine, sẹing, Ergo conſuetudinem ſermonis, vocabo conſenſum eruditorum, ſicut viuendi, conſenſum bonorum. ∾ /ov huọɀ meind uaɀ aulso Æneas Siluius, huo treating De liberorum educatione, at ɗ’end under ɗe titժ Quomodo varientur literæ, duɗ aulso seit in maner Quintilians ụrds: and huo douteƥ ɗẹr autorituɀ, ɗẹr ueiɀdum, and greet learning: bịing so-uniuersálli knọn emongst sul lernd men. ∾ /and ịf iu resẹv ani friut ov ɗis mei lạbur, it iɀ but a króp gótn after ɗẹr invension, and espesiaulei of Quintilians, ov huoɀ ụrks not-uiɗ-standing (aɀ iu mẹ sị bei mei steil and riud maner ov ureiting) ei never studied, uɗer ɗen touɕing hiɀ seingɀ for ɗiɀ máter: huiɕ is kontẹnd in hiɀ first bụk huẹr is uritn, Nemo tamen reperitur, {n. p.} qui ſit ſtudio nihil conſecutus. ∾ /iet haƥ not mei hed bin trubled uiɗ muɕ studi-in aul mei leif, neverɗelés ei-uiɗ aul mei hart du lụv and honor suɕ aɀ are lernd and vertiuz. ∾ /for iu mẹ sị bei ɗiɀ litժ treatiɀ ei hạv bin a traveler bu-iond ɗe seas, emong vulgar tungs, ov huiɕ, ɗat smaul knọle𝒿 ei hạv, haƥ bin ɗe kauɀ ov ɗis mein enterpreiɀ: and ɗer-uiɗ aulso ɗe sight ov a treasiɀ sett furth in print at Paris, Anno. 1545. bei an ụrɗi man uel lerned boɗ in /grịk and /latin nạmd Leuïs Meigret ov Lyon, touɕing ɗ’abius ov ɗe ureiting ov ɗe /frenδ tung, huoɀ reɀons and arguments ei du hier-befọr partlei-iuɀ, aɀ hị did Quintilians huom it ápịrd hi had uel studied. ∾ /and ei hạv sịn deiuers /frenδ bụks put furƥ in print in ɗat his maner ov orthographi, ov sum uel lịkt of, and resẹvd, and ov uɗerɀ left and repugned. ∾ /but huat gud and nọt abժ ƥing kan tạk a spịdi rụt, emongst a multitiud, eksept ɗe /prinses and /guvernurɀ (bei ɗe grạs huiɕ /god mẹ giv ɗem) du fạvor and sum-huat kọuntenans it. ∾ /iet as sẹƥ Quintilian in his first ɕapter ov his first bůk: præcipienda ſunt optima: quæ ſi quis grauabitur, non rationi defuerit, {P 2} ſed homini. ∾ /huiɕ signifeiëƥ, ɗe best ƥings ar tu bi taught: uiɗ huiɕ iv ani man bi-ófended, ɗe-uant δuld not bi-in ɗe reɀon, but in ɗe man. ∾ /and ɗ’argument ov ɗiɀ máter bịing ɗus far advansed, ei dout not but it uil-bi bei sum sekund Quintilians favored, perfeited, frạmd and iuɀd so, aɀ it mẹ bị for ɗe kọmon uelƥ: aɀ ɗe teim δaul kounsel ɗem. ∾

/and nou ei hạv ƥoht it gụd tu δio-iu, hou-iu mẹ uiɗ ɗe first ov eɕ pẹr ov our felọ konsonants (iuɀing priks in ɗem huen ɗẹ δuld hạv ɗ’inuard soūd, & lẹving ɗem unprikt huen ɗẹ δuld uant it) ureit ani ƥing in /ingliδ aɀ perfetlei aɀ uiƥ ɗ’-uder sẹvn uiƥ ɗem. ∾ /ɗ’experiëns huerof, ei lẹv tu suɕ aɀ d’understand mi, huen and aɀ it mẹ plẹɀ ɗem, and am kontented t’iuɀ ɗe, tugeɗer uiƥ ɗẹr féluɀ aɀ is sẹd, ɗoh ɗẹ du-inkrẹs our number bei sẹvn. ∾ /houb’ịt, sịịng ɗẹ hạv bin so- álouëd and iuɀd, ei sịk not tu gọ bak tu ɗe /hebriu maner agẹn in ɗat point. ∾ /but for ɗ’ius of priks, for ɗe kuantiti ov our voëlɀ, it duƥ sum-huat áliud tu ɗe /hebriu maner tu ɗe-ei, but noƥing in sens: for ɗ’iuɀ ɗẹr priks and litժ strịks under ɗẹr konsonants for ɗe divers sounds of ɗẹr voëls, and ui but for {n. p.} ɗe kuantitie of teim ov ours: and ɗat after ɗe maner ov ɗe /grịks aɀ is sẹd. ∾ /and uɗer-ueiɀ, iu mẹ-ureit veri brịfli after ɗ’/hebriu maner uiɗout ani priks, under our konsonants, for soūd ov ani voël, or ɗe δạp ov ani-ov ɗem, at ani teim, eksẹpt it bị huē ọn or mọr bi-uritn for a huọl silabժ, uiɗout ɗe help ov ani konsonant or breƥ, aɀ in ɗẹɀ prónounɀ ei, ui, iu, & ị, huẹr at lest ɗe láter must nịds bi-uritn tu giv understanding of sum person and number: and iet uiƥ sum ákuẹntans of ɗe máner and máter, a man mẹ bi-abժ tu rịd it perfetli, aɀ huo-so list mẹ (bei ɗe uẹ-ov pásteim) prụv. ∾ /ɗis keind ov ureiting uld bi dark, and sịm in maner a seifring: and iet hi ɗat δuld iuɀ it, ẹɗer for his oun remembrans, or exersịɀing ɗe SSam (uiƥ sum man ov experiens bịing mạd privi ɗer-unto) bei míseiv léters: ei bilịv ɗẹ δuld súfisientlei understand eɕ uɗer, for aul kómon máter, exsepting onli ɗe nạms of ƥings proper and ápélativ: huerin a man muht ér, if ɗẹ uẹr not uritn at lengƥ. ∾ /ei du sị no kómoditi in ɗ’ius ɗerof: but hạv δeuëd iu, huat a man mẹ du if hi so plẹɀ.

/ei hạv uritn hier-befọr ɗat ei-uld δeu-iu in ɗis niu máner ov ureiting, hou-everi-ọn ov {P 3} our sounds & brẹɗs, is mạd uiƥ ɗ’instruments ov ɗe mouƥ, aɀ ei hạv dụn ɗẹr, ov ɗe feiv voëls, and ov ɀ, s, δ, and ժ. ∾ /ei noted ɗẹr, ɗat ɗe /frenδ du-iuɀ ɗe j, konsonant in a sound huiɕ ui-iuɀ not in our spịɕ: huerof ɗis δ, serveƥ for ɗe sister ɗer-of, uiɗ us, aɀ ɗe ch, duƥ uiƥ ɗem, having no-inuard sound, and ar boɗ frạmd uiƥ kịping ov ɗe tung from ɗe palet and bringing ɗe tịƥ tugeɗer, or ɗ’ọn or uɗer lip tu his kounter tịƥ, and ƥrusting ɗe breƥ ƥru ɗem uiƥ ɗ’in-uard sound, for ɗe /frenδ j, konsonant: huiɕ if ui had in ius, δuld mạk us ɗe aehtƥ pẹr. ∾ /for uant huer-of ɗe δ, duƥ remẹn tu-us, a breƥ uiɗout felu, huiɕ ɗ’-uɗer vij. pẹrs hạv. ∾ /but for uant ov ɗat sound, ui hạv. iiij. uɗers huiɕ ɗe /frenδ never iuɀ, tu uịt ov 𝒿, ɕ, and ɗ, ƥ, huiɕ ar veri hard for ani natural /frenδ tu pronouns: uɗer ɗan suɕ aɀ ar brouht up emongst vs sum-huat in iuƥ. ∾ /nou for ɗis pẹr ¹⁰³b, and ¹⁰⁴p, ɗẹ-ar mạd uiƥ klọs lips: ɗe fisrt uiƥ ɗ’in-uard sound, and ɗ’uɗer uiɗ-out ani sound, but opening ɗe lips uiƥ ƥrusting furƥ ov ɗe breƥ, and neɗer mạkeƥ ani voïs but bei ɗe help ov ¹⁰⁵v, and ¹⁰⁶f, huiɕ ar mạd bei púting ov ẹɗer lip tu his kounter tịƥ, ƥrusting {n. p.} furƥ ɗe brẹƥ for bọƥ, for ɗe first uiƥ ɗ’in-uard sound, and for ɗ’uɗer nọn: bọɗ pẹrɀ bịing mạd uiɗout stíring ov ɗe tung t’ani part ov ɗe tịƥ or pálet. ∾ /ɗe ¹⁰⁷g, and ¹⁰⁸k, ar mạd bei púting ov ɗ’iner part ov ɗe tung tu ɗ’úper grẹt tịƥ or gumɀ, ɗe first uiƥ ɗ’in-uard sound and ɗ’uɗer uiƥ ɗe brẹƥ ọnli. ∾ /ɗe ¹⁰⁹d, and ¹¹⁰t, bei lẹing ov iur tung ful in ɗe palet ov iur mouƥ, and tuɕing hardest ov iur fọr-tịƥ, for ɗe first uiɗ ɗ’in-uard sound, and for ɗ’uɗer nọn: huiɕ tụ last pẹrɀ hạv a sertẹn stẹ ov ɗe brẹƥ leik aɀ had ɗe first pẹr, huiɕ kauɀeƥ it at ɗe seperating ov ɗe parts, tu-uit ov ɗe lips, and ov ɗe tung from ɗe tịƥ, tu bi ɗe harder ƥrust furƥ. ∾ /ɗe leik ov ¹¹¹𝒿, and ¹¹²ɕ, bei púting ɗe tung tu ɗe palet and fọr-tịƥ softli, so aɀ ɗe brẹƥ bi stẹd: for ɗe first uiɗ an in-uard sound, and for ɗ’uɗer nọn. ∾ /but ɗe v, and f, and ɗ’uɗer tụ pẹrɀ hier-after hạv a kontinual uniform breƥ. ∾ /for ¹¹³ɗ, and ¹¹⁴ƥ, bei púting ov ɗe fọr part ov ɗe tung, tu ɗ’úper fọrtịƥ: so softli aɀ ɗe brẹƥ mẹ pas uiƥ ɗe sound for ɗ’ọn, and uiɗout for ɗ’uɗer, and for aul ɗe rest ɗer iɀ súfisientli sẹd, touɕing hou ɗe ar mạd bei ɗ’instruments of spịɕ. ∾ /nou-ei trust iu-ar satisfeid touɕing ɗe severaul léters for ɗe pertikuler voïses {n. p.} ov our spịɕ, uiƥ severaul léters for everi-ọn ov ɗem: and bei ɗer ius hier-bịfọr, wi ƥink iu feind ɗe maner ɗer-of mọr rẹɀonabժ ɗan our former. ∾ /huerfọr tu grọ tụards an end, ei-uil briefli δeu-iu huat furɗer belongs tu-a gụd and perfet ureiting.

/sum, ar ov ɗ’ópinion, ɗat it bekums not an /emprour, /prins, or /nobժ man tu-ureit uel and triuli: verelei, it is a persuaɀion ɗat ɗe natiur ov man iɀ mọr rẹdi t’óbẹ-untu, and tu lịv eidժlei, or in sum uɗer plẹzant exersịɀeɀ ov ɗe bodi, raɗer ɗen ov ɗe meind, but suɕ pạrents aɀ uil-bi so persuaded, never tasted ov ɗe suịt-nés ov learning. for sertenlei ɗer uaɀ never grẹt lerned nor exséling man but kụld ureit uel and triulei: ei ákount not uel onli-in a sloƥful kuriuɀ pẹnted ureiting, but ɗe mọr uniformlei and strehter ani man duƥ ureit, no man douteƥ but is iɀ ɗe béter: and ɗat is never or seldum obtẹnd exept it bi bigun in iuƥ (aɀ Quintilian sẹd at lar𝒿, in his sẹd fisrt bụk) and kontiniued ɗer-uiƥ for a nọbժ man uiɗ mani-uɗer vertiuɀ ịvn from the nurs. ∾ /and aulso uiƥ ɗe ɕois ov ɗe /nurs: and in ɗe rest ov his sẹd institusions, tu hạv lerned and vertiụɀ tiutors for ɗexersịɀ ov boɗ ɗe tung tu spẹk and hand tu {n. p.} ureit in aul vertiu- and gụd living. ∾ /and ɗat me bi kauld a-uel ureiting huen ɗe hand is so rẹdi aɀ in tạking no kạr, for ɗe fẹr, uniform and streht ureiting, ɗe meinf mẹ be huolei givn and ókupeiëd upon ɗe máter tu bi uritn, uiɗ sum kạr, ɗat it mẹ bi le𝒿ibժ aɀ uel for uɗers, as for ɗe ureiter, ∾ /and for triu-ureiting, befọr ɗer kan bi-ani perfet and súfisient riulɀ givn ɗer-of, ɗe parts ov spịɕ must bi konsidered, huiɕ never ani man kould begín tu frạm úpon ani siur ground, until ɗe foundasion uẹr found sertẹn and gud: huiɕ nou bịing hier-befọr touɕt ɗe rest mẹ bi dụn ɗe beter hier-after. ∾ /and δaulbe foụd a ƥank-ful urk, aɀ-uel for ɗe behụf ov our brọd spẹking /ingliδ, aɀ ɗ’/ualδ, /iriδ, and /skótiδ nasions, tu giv ɗem t’understand ɗe best spịɕ iuɀd ov ɗe lerned: aɀ aulso for aul uɗer (ov huat-so-ever stran𝒿 nasion) huiɕ mẹ deɀeir tu kno ɗe perfet sound and spịɕ ov ɗ’/ingliδ tung, ∾ /and for ɗ’advaunsment ov him huiɕ δaul tạk it in hand, ei uil briefli ureit huat ei feind (bei ɗat ei hạv hier-befọr uritn) touɕing our ius ov our sẹvn pẹrs ov léters in spịɕ. ∾ /and ɗerfọr ei-ụld gladli-it had bin ƥrulei observd, but ov kurteɀi bẹr uiɗ mi, for ɗat iɀ past, ei-uil indevor t’amend {Q 1} ɗe foluing, ɗe best ei mẹ. ∾

/for ɗis ụrd ius, for huiɕ ui hạv urítn vſe, ui kuld hier-bifọr never feind díferens in ureiting, betuixt ɗe /noun and ɗe /verb, but urạt indíferentlei, the vſe is good, and I doo vſe otherwiſe (huiɕ sentens in gud sụƥ ei-uaɀ not rẹdi tu-ureit, no mọr ei ƥink uẹr iu tu rịd) hueraɀ ei feind our spịɕ iuɀeƥ in aul teims and maners, (huiɕ ɗe /latin grámarian kauleƥ /tenses and /modes) ov ɗe ụrd uiƥ, ɀ, as ei-iuɀ, ɗou-iuɀest, hi-iuɀeƥ, ui, ị, and ɗẹ-iuɀ, iuɀd, iuɀing &. ∾ /& ov ɗe nạm uiɗ aul prepoſisions & artikժs singulerlei uiɗ s, but not pluráli, bicauɀ ɗe konsonant kúmeƥ betuixt. ij. Voëls, huer-fọr it is turned intu ɀ. ∾ /and furɗer ei feind ɗe ɀ iuɀd in iɀ, aɀ, hiɀ, ɗiɀ, and suɕ leik oftn, and ɗat ákording tu ɗe spịɕ, huiɕ iet huen ɗe foluíng ụrd begíneƥ uiɗ s, ɗ’order ov ɗe tung duƥ ɕaun𝒿 intu s, ɗus: iɀ uel, aɀ ani, hiɀ ọn, ɗiɀ uẹ, but ɗe foluing ụrd begíning uiɗ s, or δ, ɗus, is sed, as sụn, his sẹing, ɗis salt, and as δị, is δạmfast, his δert, ɗis δọr. ∾ /hier iɀ tu bi nọted ɗat ɗe first ov ɗ’uɗer breɗed tụ pẹr of konsonants, tu-uit v, and ɗ, mẹ oftn bi-in leik máner ɕanịd in spịɕ frō ɗẹr in-uard sound tu ɗer brẹɗd feluɀ, & kontrariueiɀ {n. p.} ɗe-ụrds ending uiɗ brẹɗd konsonants in sum plạs, mẹ (uiɗout ani-ófens tu ɗ’ẹr) tạk ɗe sound ov ɗẹr áfeịn beginnin ɗe next ụrd: or ɗe láter ov ɗe first ụrd bi ɕan𝒿ed from sound tu breƥ, huen her soūded áfein begíneƥ ɗe foluíng urd. ∾ /and ɗe leik mẹ hápn betuixt ɗe foụr uɗer pẹrɀ, tu uit b, and p: g, and k: 𝒿, and ɕ: d, and t, and gịv ɗe béter sound: huiɕ duƥ beautifi everi langa𝒿. ∾ /it mẹ bi aulso, ɗat ani ọn ov ɗe sounded ov ɗe sẹvn pẹrɀ, kómonlei in ọn ụrd, at ɗ’end ɗer-of,, mẹ lẹv ɗe sound and di obedient tu ɗe breƥ ov ani ọn ov ɗe sẹvn brẹɗd as for hạv tạkn: teim mẹ feind it gud to sẹhạf tạkn: for feind faut, to sẹ feint faut: and suɕ leik: iet until ui spẹk so, ei kno no man uil ureit so. ∾ /but ɗis iɀ tu bi noted ɗat ani ov ɗe breɗd ov ɗe sẹvn pẹrɀ, most kómonlei at ɗ’end ov ɗe former ụrd, huẹr ɗe foluïng begíneƥ uiɗ ọn voël or mọr, iɀ ɕan𝒿ed intu her áfein sounded, and ɗat bei ɗ’áfinite-it haƥ uiƥ ɗe voël, huiɕ ei hạv muɕ observed aɀ reɀon uaɀ. ∾ /aulso huen ọn voël endeƥ ọn ụrd, and an-uɗer begíneƥ ɗe foluïng, ei hạv iuɀd ɗe lein ov kon𝒿unksion tu giv knọle𝒿 ɗẹ mẹ not in bi 𝒿iuïned in diphthong. ∾ /and iet ɗẹ ar sounded round tu-geɗer, exept huen aɀ ɗe first is stẹid ɗe teim ov a kóma. ∾ {Q 2} /and ɗ’apostrophe ei hạv iuɀd tu tạk a-uẹ a konsonant aɀ-uel aɀ a voël, iet but seldum.

/but ɗẹɀ díferenses ui hạv not foūd in our former maner ov ureiting not neuer kould du. ∾ /nor iet (aɀ is sẹd) kan ani man bi serten huiɕ t’iuɀ, and huiɕ tu lẹv, until it bi-uiɗ a mọr studi souht for, ɗen haƥ bin iet átempted, huiɕ ei trust sum man uil δortli tạk in hand, for ɗe uelƥ ov his kuntre. ∾ /and in ɗe meạn teim ei present iu ɗism aɀ a tọkn ov mei gud uil.

/ɗer iɀ aulso-a diskresion in ureiting betuixt a, mei, ɗei, fro, and no: and an, mein, ɗein, from and non. ∾ /a, iɀ fitlei-uritn huen ɗe-ụrd folụing begíneƥ uiɗ a konsonant, but uiɗ voël or diphthong ɗe n, stẹiƥ ɗe gạping ov ɗe tụ voëls huiɕ als δuld kum tugeɗer: ɗe leik ov ɗe rest: and nọn iɀ aulso-in stịd ov ne-ọn or not ọn. ∾ /so for tu-and til, huen ɗe presịding urd δaul end uiɗ d, or t, un, duƥ kum fitli betuixt ɗe t, ov tu or til, and ɗe former d, or t, tu seper ạt an overmuɕ sound or brẹɗing ov ɗem: so ɗat send untu-us, and hi sent untu-iu, iɀ béter sẹd and so uritn, ɗen send tu-us, or hi sent tu-iu, for so spọkn SSẹ muht giv ókaɀion tu ɗe bẹrer t’under-stand, send us, and hi sent iu. ∾ /in huiɕ and uɗer suɕ leik ɗe diskrésion ov {n. p.} ɗe-ureiter uil-bi iuɀd. ∾ /and for mei former δort ureiting, iu must konsider mei regard tu ɗe pronūsiasion, huiɕ ɗe multitiud ịvn ov ɗe best spọkn, du-iuɀ aɀ ɗiɀ ụrd kómaundement huiɕ iɀ ɗe /frenδ sound, and ureiting, ɗe /duɕ man sẹɀ silb for sílabժ, /claɀ, /hans, and /linke for our /nikles, /𝒿on, and /katerin, ɗẹ tạkịng so muɕ ov ɗe /latin as ɗẹ ƥoht gud, huo kan let ɗem tu ureit aɀ ɗẹ spẹk, or ou to ureit ours aɀ abụv, sịing ui spẹk so. ∾ /ɗe skótiδ spịɕ iɀ tuil-iu, for our huat uil-iu, huei mẹ ɗẹ not boldlei ureit it so? ∾ /nou for tẹɕing tu rịd, Quintilian sẹƥ it iɀ not gud tu tẹɕ ɗe nạms and order ov ɗe léters, befọr ɗe δaps, huiɕ bị sau mani du-in hiɀ dẹɀ, huerfọr ɗe tẹɕer δuld ɕan𝒿 and vari ɗẹr order diverselei, ɗat ɗe lẹrner muht print in hiɀ memori ɗẹr δạps, and so bei sịing ɗem tu bi-ạbժ tu nạm ɗem: ivn aɀ ɗe best uẹ tu knọ a man, iɀ bei ɗe siht ov hiɀ favour & proporsion, huer-bei his nạm iɀ ɗe béter retend. ∾ /furɗer bi kómendeƥ ɗ’ius ov sum ov hiɀ dẹɀ: huiɕ mạd ɗer léters ov /ivori, and gạv ɗem tu ɗer ɕilder tu plẹ: or huat-so-ever as muht bi invented for ɗe spịdier plạsing and preɀerving ov ɗe léters δAps and nạms, in ɗe memori ov ɗe riud, huoɀ kounsel ei ụld folo, if ei {Q 3} did set furƥ an /a, /b, /c, for ɗe teɕing ov ɗe riud tu rịd, but uɗerueiɀ ɗen haƥ bin iet dun.

/nou ei uil end uiƥ Quintilians ụrds after hi had treated in his sed first bụk. 12. ɕapter first ov ɗe họp ɗe faɗer δuld hạv ov ɗe ɕild born, huat nirses, huat skụlmasters and tutors, and in huat spịɕ and exersịɀ hi δuld bi broht up in. ∾ /at ɗ’end ov his orthographi hi sẹƥ tu ɗis éfekt foluïng, ei kaul tu meind ɗat ɗer bi sum uil ƥink ɗeɀ máterɀ huer-of ei hạv uritn, tu bi but treifժs, and a hinderans tu him ɗat muht bi béter ókupied. ∾ /nor ei ƥink it mịt tu faul into ɗ’extrẹm trubժ, and fụliδ kavílasions, ɗerbei tu hurt and diminiδ mens uits: but no part ov /grámer hurteƥ, but ɗat huiɕ iɀ superflụɀ. ∾ /huat, uaɀ M. Tullius ɗ’orator ani ƥing ɗe les, for ɗat hi uaɀ most dili𝒿ent in ɗiɀ art, and ɗat hi kórekted hiɀ sunɀ faultɀ, aɀ it ápịrd in hiɀ /epistժs? Or did ɗe bụks huiɕ C. Cæſar mạd ov /analo𝒿i brẹk his ụrɗines? Or uaɀ Meſſala nitidus ɗe lés, bikauɀ hi mạd serten huọl bụks, not ọnli ov evre-ụrd, but aulso ov ɗe léters. Non obſtant hæ diſciplinæ per illas euntibus, ſed circa illas hærentibus. ∾ /huiɕ signifeiëƥ, ɗeɀ instruksions hinder not suɕ aɀdu pas bei ɗem, but suɕ aɀ stik, and ar (as it uẹr) teid in ɗem. {n. p.}

/exampժs hou serten uɗer nasions du sound ɗẹr léters, boɗ in /latin, and in ɗẹr muɗer tung, ɗerbei tu kno ɗe bẹter hou tu pronouns ɗẹr spịɕes, and so tu rịd ɗem as ɗẹ du. /kap. viij.

For ɗe konfirmasion ov ɗar huiɕ is sẹd, for ɗe sounds aɀ-uel of voëls aɀ of konsonants: aulɗoh ei hạv in divers plases hier-befọr δeuëd iu, hou serten uɗer nasions du sound part ov ɗẹr léters: ei ƥoht it gud hier, not ọnli to rekapitulat and δortli rehers, part ov ɗe befọr mensioned, but aulso tu giv iu t’understand hou ɗẹ du sound suɕ ɗẹr léters, aɀ ɗ’ignorāt ɗer-of δuld áprọɕ noƥing nẹr tu ɗẹr pronunsiasion bei rịding ɗẹr ureiting or prints. ∾ /huerfọr, huo so-iɀ deɀeirous tu rịd ɗ’/italian and ɗe /latin as ɗẹ du, hi must sound ɗe voëlɀ aɀ ei hạv súfisientli sẹd treating ov ɗem, and aɀ ei hạv iuɀd ɗem in aul ɗis niu maner, onli exepting ɗat ɗẹ mạk ɗis figiur u, konsonant aɀ-uel aɀ ɗIs v. ∾ /ɗer c, ɗẹ iuɀ after qul voëlɀ as ui ɗe k, (as ɗẹr pro𝒿enitors ɗe /latins did) {n. p.} and iuɀ not k, at aul: but ɗẹ-abiuɀ ɗe c, bifọr e, and i, in ɗe sound ov our ch, or ɕ, aɀ ecce and accioche, ɗẹ sound ekɕe, akɕioke, franceſco, franɕesko, fece, facendo, amici, feɕe, faɕendo, amiɕi: and for ɗe sound ov ɗe k, ɗẹ iuɀ ch. ∾ /ɗẹr g, ɗẹ kịp aɀ ei hạv dun after voëlɀ, and befọr a, o, and u: but befọr e, and I, ɗẹ hạv abiuɀd it uiɗ us, for huiɕ ei hạv iuɀd ị, and tu kịp ɗat sound befọr a, o, and u, ɗẹ uɀurp gi, as haƥ bin sẹd, and ɗerfọr ɗẹ never mạk ɗẹr I, konsonant, for ɗẹ sẹ not agiuto, but aiuto, aɀ mẹ bi ɗus ai-uto. ∾ /ɗe t, ɗẹ never sound in s, aɀ in protettion, satisfattion, ɗẹ sound ɗe t, hard, and ɗerfọr dubժ-it in ɗọɀ ụrds and mani-uɗers: but in /giuriſditioni, /militia, /sententia, /intentione, and mani-uɗers ɗẹ du not dubժ it, iet ɗẹ sound it as it iɀ, and nover turn it intu ɗe sound ov s, but iv iu mark it uel, ɗẹ breƥ ov ɗE t, pásing ƥruh ɗe tịƥ, and turning tu ɗe-i, duƥ mạk it sịm as it uẹr nẹr ɗe sound ov ɗe, s, but iɀ not ɗerfọr so in éfekt. ∾ /for ɗẹr gli, ɗẹ du not sound g, so hard aɀ ui uld, but so softli aɀ it iɀ oftn uritn and printed uiɗout ɗe g. ∾ /ɗẹr ɀɀ, ɗẹ sound most kómonli ɗe first ɀ, in t, as in /forteɀɀa, /grandeɀɀa, /deſtreɀɀa, but at sum teimms ɗẹ sound ɗem {n. p.} aɀ ɗẹ du cc, as for ɗiz nạm ɗẹ-ureit indíferentli Eccellino, or Eɀɀellino. ∾ /ɗẹ hạv aulso ɗe sound ov our ſh or δ, huiɕ ɗẹ-ureit ſc, befọr, e, or i: ɗẹ-iuɀ tu-ureit ɗe th, but not for our th, or ƥ: for ɗẹ hạV not ɗe soūd ɗerof in aul ɗẹr spịɕ, nor ov ɗ, & sound it in /matthio, aɀ mẹ bi mathio, as of th, iɀ sẹd in /thomas and /thames. ∾ /and for lak ov a knole𝒿 for ɗe kuantitiɀ ov ɗẹr voëlɀ ɗẹ-ar konstrẹnd tu dubժ ɗẹr kọnsonants oftn and muɕ: and for ɗe longer teim ov ɗẹr voëls, ɗẹ hạv no mark: huerfọr huo so-iɀ deɀeiruɀ tu rịd ɗer ureiting uel, and imitạt ɗẹr pronunsiasion had nịd tu hạv sum instruksion bei ɗe leivli voïl. ∾ /and huen ɗẹ du rẹɀ ɗẹr tiun ov ɗẹr urds (huiɕ iɀ oftn) ɗẹ nọt it uiɗ ɗe /latin grạv tiun, ɗus, andò, parlò, e moſtrò la nouità, al podeſtà de la città. ∾ /and in rịding ɗe /latin, aul ɗat ɗẹ feind uritn, ɗẹ du pronouns, ịvn as ɗẹ du ɗẹr muɗer tung, in ɗe veri sounds befọr-sẹd.

/for ɗe hih duɕ ɗẹ sound aul ɗẹr voëlɀ in ɗe veri sạm sort: and never mạk ɗe i, konsonant, nor abiuɀ ɗe g, befọr ɗe e, and i, aɀ ɗ’/italian duƥ, but kịp it aulueɀ befọr ɗem, aɀ befọr a, o, and u: & ɗe /fleming tu bi siur tu kontiniu ɗat sound, duɗ iuɀ it befọr e, and I, uiɗ, h. ∾ {R 1} /nor haƥ ɗe /duɕ (over nor neɗer) ɗat sound huiɕ iɀ ɗe leik ov our I, konsonant, and ɗ’italian gi, bifor-sẹd, for huiɕ ei iuɀ 𝒿, but ɗe breƥ ɗer-of ɗe hih /duɕ hạv, & ureit it uiɗ tsch. ∾ /and boɗ ɗe figiurs for ɗe feivƥ voël, ɗẹ iuɀ uiɗout ani serten diferens huiɕδuld bi voël or huiɕ konsonant: and ɗen hạv ɗẹ ɗe diphthongs befọr nạmd, /folio 31. pa.2 huiɕ ar tu bi nọted ov ɗat /ingliδ man huiɕ δaul deɀeir tu lẹrn ɗẹr tung. ∾ /and du-iuɀ tu dubժ ɗẹr voëlɀ for ɗẹr longer teim. ∾ /ɗẹ hạv aulso our sound ov ſh, or δ, for huiɕ ɗẹ iuɀ ſch, as ſcham, ſchale, fleiſch and fiſch, ɗẹ soūd as ui mẹ δạm, δel, fleδ, fiδ, and ſce, ſci, ɗẹ sound aɀ duƥ aulso ɗ’/italian: and aɀ ui du δe, δi. ∾ /ɗẹ never put ɗe c, intu ɗe sound of s, but iuɀ k, tu bi-out of dout. ∾ /ɗẹ iuɀ ɗe Q, veri seldum, but ɗe k, muɕ in plạs ɗer-of, and ɗe-a, ɗẹ du-oftn sound brọder ɗen ui dụ, but muɕ aulso-as ui du. ∾ /and for ɗe rest ɗẹ pronouns aul ɗẹ-ureit, and kịp ɗẹr lèters in ɗe self sound, huer-in ɗẹ rịd aulso ɗẹr /latin. ∾

/nou ƥirdli for ɗe /spaniard hi abiuɀeth ɗe I, and u, in konsonants as ui-and ɗe /frenδ du, and ɗe u, oftn, in ɗe /frenδ and /skótiδ {n. p.} sound: and ɗe ch, in /muchacho aɀ ui du iu ɕalk and ɕịɀ: but for aul ɗẹr uɗer voëɀ and léters, ɗẹ iuɀ ɗem in ɗe sạm sounds ɗat du ɗ’/italian and /duɕ, but ɗat ɗẹ iuɀ ɗe y, aɀ ui hạv dụn (huiɕ neɗer /italian nor /duɕ nịd) tu bi ɗerbei ẹɀd ov ɗe dout ov ɗe i, konsonant huiɕ ɗẹ sound leik ɗe /frenδ. ∾ /ɗe c, ɗẹ iuɀ in s, uiɗout ani nọt ov diferens befọr e, and i. but befọr a, o, and u, ɗẹ hạv deueiɀd a-litժ, s, under ɗus, ç: ɗẹ iuɀ never ɗe k, but ɗe Q, uiƥ ɗ’/italian: ɗẹ-iuɀ ɗe ll, in ɗe sound ov ժ, uiɗ ɗe ualδ. ∾ /ɗe u, in quæ and, qui, ɗẹ du seldum sound, as for que quieres, ɗẹ sound as ui mẹ ke kierez. ∾ /and for aul ɗe rest ɗẹ kịp ɗe aunsient /latin sound, and so rịd ɗẹr /latin aɀ du ɗ’/italian and /𝒿erman: and for him ɗat haƥ ɗe /latin tung uiɗ a-litժ instruksion iɀ aɀ eɀi tu rịd and under-stand aɀ iɀ ɗ’italian. ∾

/and nou last ov aul, ɗe /frenδ, uiɗ ɗ’abius ov ɗe u, in ɗe skótiδ leik sound ov ɗe iu diphthong, huiɕ, nor /italian, nor /duɕ did ever giv iu u: and iuɀing ɗe g, and j, konsonant in ɗe sound huer-of, our δ, iɀ ɗe breɗed konsonant: and turning ɗe s, intu ɀ, huen ui, uiɗ aul ɗe rest, du sound ɗe s, (exept ɗe /spaniard, aɀ {R 2} ui hạv aulso iuɀd betuixt tụ voelɀ) and kịping an uɗer teim in ɗér voëlɀ ɗen ui du, and iuɀing ɗẹr e, in deivers sounds, and ɗe o, sumhuat aulso: bei not sounding ɗe u, in qui, and quæ, but aɀ uị mẹ kị, and kẹ, uiɗ lẹving mani ov ɗẹr leters vnsounded, duƥ kauɀ ɗẹr spịɕ veri hard tu bi lernd bei art, & not ẹɀi bei ɗe leivli voïs, aɀ it iɀ notoriuɀli knọn. ∾ /so aɀ if ei δuld ureit /frenδ, in ɗe léters and order buiɕ ei du nou-iuɀ, ei-am serten ɗat iu δuld muɕ sụner kum tu ɗẹr pronunsiasion, ɗer-bei, ɗen bei ureiting aɀ ɗẹ du. ∾ /and tu experiment ɗe máter, and tu mạk suɕ aɀ understand /frenδ, 𝒿u𝒿es ɗer-of, ei uil ureit ɗe /lords prẹr aɀ ɗẹ du, huiɕ δuld be preɀēted tu suɕ an ọn, aɀ kan rịd ɗis maner, and iet understandeƥ not ɗe /frenδ, and prụv hou hi kan rịd and pronouns it: and ɗen present it him in ɗis maner ov ureiting, aɀ hier-after: and kompạr his pronunsiasion tu ɗe former, and iu δuld prụv ɗat éfekt, huiɕ kan not bi broht tu pás bei our former maner. ∾ /and ɗer-fọR hier foloueth ɗe /lords prẹr fisrt in /frenδ and ɗẹr maner ov ureiting. Noſtre pere qui es és cieux, Ton nom ſoit ſanctifié. Ton Regne aduienne. Ta volonte ſoit faite en la terre comme au {n. p.} ciel. Donne-nous au-iourd’huy noſtre pain quotidian: Et nous pardonne nos offenſes, comme nous pardonnons à ceux qui nou ont offensez. Et ne nous indui point en tentation: mais nous deliure du mal. Car à toy eſt le regne, la puiſſance, & la gloire és ſiecles, des ſiecles. Amen. ∾ /nou in ɗIs niu mane aɀ foluëƥ. ∾ /nọtrah pẹrah hi-eɀ ẹɀ sieuɀ, tun /num soit santifié. ∾ /tun /rénah avié-nah. ∾ /ta voluntè soit fètah, an la tárah kúmah ọ siel. Dúne-nụɀ ọɀ𝒿ụrdui nọtrah pẹn kotidian. E nụ pardúnah noɀ ófabses kúmah nụ pardúnụnɀ a seuɀ ki nụɀ unt ófanseɀ. /e ne nụɀ indui point an tantasion : mẹɀ nụ delivrah diu maժ. ∾ /kar a toe ẹt le renah, la piuìsánse e la gloerah ẹɀ siekles deɀ siekles /aman. ∾ /nou kontrariueiɀ uil ei ureit hier-under in ɗẹɀ niu lèters (and kịping ɗẹr sound aɀ befọr) hou ɗe /frenɕ du pronouns ɗẹr /latin : and ɗat aulso in ɗe /lords prẹr, huiɕ iɀ aɀ ɗus. ∾ /pạter noster ki eɀ in selịɀ, santifiscitur nomen tiuium, atveniat reínium tiuium fiat voluntạɀ tiua sikiut in selo e in tára panem nostrium kotidianium da nobịɀ odịe & dimịte nobị debịta nostra, sikiut et noɀ dimịtimiuɀ debitoribiuɀ {R 3} nostriɀ. ∾ /et ne noɀ indiukạɀ in tentasioinem : /set libera noɀ a malo. ∾ /and ei remember ov a meri 𝒿est ei hạv herd ov a buẹ huiɕ did help a /frenδ prịst at más, huo sẹing dominiu vọbikium, ɗe buẹ hẹring it sound stran𝒿li-in hiɀ ẹr, aunsuered, eƥ kum tirlerí tịium, and so uent lauhing his uẹ. ∾ /and so peradventiur iu-uil at ɗerịding, aɀ iu mẹ bilịv me-ei did at ɗe ureiting hier-of. ∾ /ei kuld ureit aulso hou ɗe frenδand uɗer forens du spek /ingliδ, but ɗẹr maner is so plentiful in mani-of our ẹrɀ, aɀ ei ƥink it superfluiɀ. ∾ /ɗe reɀon huei ɗẹ kan not sound our spịɕ, iɀ (aɀ iu mẹ persẹv bei ɗat is sẹd) bikauɀ ui hạv and iuɀ sertẹn sounds and brẹɗɀ huiɕ ɗẹ hạv not, and du-aulso iuɀ tu sound sum ov ɗọɀ léters huiɕ ɗẹ-iuɀ uiɗ us, uɗerueiɀ ɗen ɗẹ dụ: and ɗẹ for reven𝒿 sum ov ourɀ uɗerueiɀ ɗen ui dụ. huiɕ iɀ ɗe kauɀ aulso ɗat ɗẹr spịɕes ar hard for us tu rịd, but ɗe soūd ọns knọn, ui kan ẹɀili pronouns ɗers bei ɗe reɀon abuvsed. ∾ /and ɗus tu-end if iu ƥink litժ profit tu bi in ɗis huer-in ei hạv kaused iu tu pás iur teim, ei uil iet disɕar𝒿 mei self ɗat ei-am ásiured it kan du-iu no harm, and so ɗe aulmihti /god, giver ov aul gud ƥins, blịs uɀ aul, and send us his grạs in ɗis transitori leif, {n. p.} and in ɗe uorld tu kum, leif everlasting. ∾

/so bị-ịt. ∾

FINIS.

Sat cito ſi ſat bene.

/an aduertuɀment touɕing ɗ’order ov ɗe foluinf tạbժ

/bikauz ɗe voëls and konsonants ar deveided intu suɕ parts aɀ befọr, ɗis tạbժ duƥ kịp ɗem in ɗe leik order: tu-uịt first a, e, i, o, u, and ɗen ɗe foụr pẹrɀ huiɕ ar mạd uiɗ a stóping breƥ: tu uịt b, p: d, t: g, k: and 𝒿, ɕ. ∾ /ɗen ɗ’uɗer ƥrị ƥrulei brẹɗd pẹrs, tu uịt ɗ, ƥ: v, f: and ɀ, s. ∾ /ɗen ɗe. 5. semivokạls l, m, n, r, and ժ, and ɗe tụ brẹɗs δ, and h: aulso, for ɗat in ɗ’order befọr iuɀd, ɗeɀ niu léters ar not komprehended. ∾ /huer-fọR ɗis tạbժ is plạsed and sey in suɕ order as foluëƥ. {R 4}

/a tạbժ direkting tu ɗ’spesiaul máterɀ ov ɗis bụk. ∾ /ɗe first pa𝒿 marked 1, and ɗe sekund, 2.

/a

 /e.

 /i

 /o

 /u

 /b

 /p

 /d

 /t

 /g

 /k

 /𝒿

 /ɕ

 /ɗ

 /ƥ

 /v

 /f

 /ɀ

 /s

 /l

 /m

 /n

/r

 /ժ

 /δ

 /h

FINIS.

Seene and allowed according to the order appointed.

Imprinted at London by William Seres, dwelling at the weſt ende of Paules, at the ſigne of the Hedgehogge.

{n. p.}

Iacobus Coogenes Bredanus, Lectori

ANglia cum lachrimis ducens ſuspiria corde,

Lucida replebat talibus astra ſonis:

Heu me, cur Græcis, Hæbræis atq́_Ȝ Latinis,

Verba typis aptis explicuiſſe datur?

Et generoſa tamen nunquā gens Anglica rectis

Quæ loquitur potuit pingere verba notis?

Talia conquestam diuam Chesterus heraldus

Audijt: hinc patriæ ſuppetiaſq́_Ȝ parat.

Atq́_Ȝ dolens tristem caſum conatibus instat

Dedecoris tantas obliterare notas.

Ac literas multas, quas conſinxêre parentes

Sustulit, his etenim debitus vſus abest.

Inde nouos ſecum, quo poſsit commodus eſſe

Omnibus, effinxit compoſuitq́_Ȝ typos.

Non hîc ſufficiunt quos olim priſca vetustas

Excogitâre typos, maius at vrget opus.

Sunt literæ hîc quarum virtutes atq́_Ȝ valores

In alijs linguis non reperire queas.

Quare certatim grates quibus Anglica cordi,

Authori & ſcriptis reddite quiſq́_Ȝ ſuis.

{¶ 1}

The compoſitor to the Reader.

You may be incouraged by mée,

Untill you haue red all this booke,

Loth I was the wo𝔯kman to bée,

Which yet at length in hand I tooke,

And truly as I found and kno,

In paſſing th𝔯ough the doubtfull way,

The d𝔯ift and reaſon tooke me ſo,

That when I ſhould the olde aſſay,

Mine often miſſing did bew𝔯ay,

That my ſenſes were wholy bent,

To vſe and kéepe the new intent.

{n. p.}

To the doubtfull of the Engliſh Orthographie, Iohn Hart Cheſter heralt wiſheth all health and proſperitie.

ORTHOGRAphie is a Greeke woorde ſignifying true writing, which is when it is framed with reaſō to make vs certayne wyth what letters euery member of our ſpeach ought to bee written. By which definition wee ought to vſe an order in writing, which nothing cared for vnto this day, our predeceſſors and we haue ben (as it were) drouned in a maner of negligence, to bee contented with ſuch maner of writing as they and we now, haue found from age to age. Without any regard vnto to ſeuerall parts of the voice, which the writing ought to repreſent. And ſo haue written at {n. p.} a venture, without thorder and reaſon, which is in euerie perfect writing: wherein there ought to be a meane, as in euery thing elſe, according to theſe verſes.

Est modus in rebus, ſunt certi deniq́_Ȝ fines,

 Quos vltra citraq́_Ȝ nequit conſistere rectum.

And though in this treatiſe the perfection of the ſubiect be not attayned vnto, yet is there an entrance giuen, wherby it may be the eaſilier finiſhed by ſome others herafter, whoſe better learning and experience may cauſe them to worke more ſubſtantiallye then in herein done, according to the ſaying of Quintilian in the laſt chapter of his twelvth booke, De institutione oratoria, where he encourageth men to that ſtudie which mought make them perfect in life and doctrine: being a farre greater matter thā perfectly to write: which is therefore much the eaſier to be taken in hand, attayned vnto, vſed, where he ſayth: Natura enim nos ad mentem optimam genuit, adeoq́_Ȝ diſcere meliora volentibus promptum eſt {n. p.} vt verè intuenti mirum ſit illud magis, malos eſſe tam multos. Which ſignifieth, truly Nature hath begotten vs to the beſt minde, and it is ſo readie for the willing to learne the beſt things, that he that would conſider it well, ſhoulde maruayle the more, there ſhould be ſo manye euill men. And I touching writers, doe maruaile our predeceſſours haue continued in the diſorder and confuſion which is in our Engliſh writing. And a little after he ſayeth, Omnia breuiora reddet ordo & ratio & modus, which ſignifieth order and reaſon and meane, doe make all things more briefe and eaſie. And further, Sed culpa est in præceptoribus prima, and ſo he continueth to this ſenſe: but the firſt fault is in the ſchoolemaiſters, which kepe childer willingly, partly by couetouſneſſe to get therby their longer ſmall hires, partly by ambition that the thing they promiſe ſhould be thought the harder to be lerned, partly alſo by ignorance or negligence in teaching: and ſecondly in vs, bicauſe we think {n. p.} it better to continue in that we know, that to learne the thing wee knowe not. Wherfore though none of them hath conſidered thabuſe of our writing, and indeuored the beſt they could to ſeeke the correction therof, yet me thinke they ſhould not be offended with him that ſhall doe his good will therein. Which I haue done as hereafter with the due conſideration what letters ar, and thereafter framed their vſe to be knowen certainly for the members of our ſpeech. Wherin is kept the meane according to the aboueſayd two verſes neyther to bee troubled with exceſſe, nor to be in penurie for want. To the vnderſtanding wherof the readieſt waye is to begin, and ſo to folow in order: and not prepoſterouſly to begin at the latter ende where ſome may take occaſion to bee offended (at the ſight of the ſtraunge letters) if they ſhould not conſider the reaſons alledged, with the inſtructions hereafter, to prepare them toward the reading thereof. For who ſo is ſo {n. p.} greedy to ride, that when he ſeeth a ſadled horſe, he will needes leape on, he may ſooner repent him than haue his deſire. Therfore, before you builde be ſure of a good foundation, and then you may worke certainly and not by chaunce. And accordinglye here foloweth a certain order of true writing of the ſpeech, founded vpon Reaſon mother of all ſciences: wherwith you may happily be profited, and ſo health and the grace of God be with you. So be it.

Faultes eſcaped in part of the Copies of this first impreſsion.

Folio.3.page.2.line.3.Who ſo, read, So, who ſo.

Fol 7.pa.2.li.4.tung,read,writing.

Fol.12.pa.2.lin.23.propable, read, probable.

Fol.29.pa.1.lin.22.23.in this chapter, read, hereafter.

Fol.34.pa.1.lin.14.ſiue, read, ſine.

From the.34.to the.64.leaues, they are wrong numbred. Which are to be corrected ere the table can ſerue.

Fol.42.pa.1.lin.22.for,fol.26.make.40.

Fol.43.pa.2.lin.1.for, fol.34.35.make.38.39.

Fol.61.pa.2.lin.15.n, read, m, or n.

Fol.63.pa.2.lin.22.gh, read, gli.

Fol.66.pa.1.lin.6.Gar, read, Car.

{n. p.}