W. Bu̹llokarƺ́ abb𝔯euiat̜ịon of hiƷ Grammar fo𝔯 e’ngliſh extractẹd ou̹t-of hiƷ Grammar at-lárg’, fo𝔯 the ſpe’dị párc’ịng of e’ngliſh ſpe’ch, and the æƷịẹr cᴏ̹mịng too the knowḷedg’ of Grammar fo𝔯 ᴏ̹ther langag’eζ

William Bu̹llokar to the Rædọ𝔯.

AƷ in, mirro𝔯z͑, m͑en d̜oo, be’hóld¹

the ſhápζ, of th̹ingζ, not thær,

bu̹t tákṇ́ from, ſᴏ̹m ſu̹bſtanc’ that,

iƷ thær-v̹ntoo ſetṭ ne’r:

So I, that wiſh, my cás, ſhou̹ld be’,

weihẹd, of æch, a-riht,

deƷý𝔯 aľ, with mýnd, t̜oo mark,

this mirro𝔯, he’r in ſiht.

A wo̹-man that, hir 𝔶uth̹, h̜ath ſ̜pent,²

and frut-fu̹l rác’, d̜ooth cráu’,

whær-of, God h̜ath, ge’u’ń̜ v̹ntoo hir

ſu̹ch aƷ, hir lýk, wou̹ld hau’,³

And iƷ, oftń, be’ræu’ẹd of

hir tender-lo̹uẹd ón,

whær-in ſhe’ i̹oyd̹, in 𝔶uth̹-fu̹l 𝔶e’rz͑,

for which, ſhe’ mákth̹, græt món.

And God, at-length̹, in elder 𝔶erz͑,

d̹̹ooth bles, hir womb, with frut,

that ſhe’, en-i̹oyz, hiƷ grat̹io̹s gift

grańtẹd, th̹𝔯ᴏ̹wh hir, long ſut,⁴

She hópe̹th̹, that, ſhe’ ſhaľ, hau’ help, {A1}

of neihbᴏ̹𝔯z͑, fre’ndζ and kin,

in-fardŕịng aľ, gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d lu̹k, too her,

when hir, trau’elƺ́begin.

Thowh gigľịng kit, and wanton kát,⁵

d̜oo litľ know, the pain,

that ańcint matronz͑, h̜au’ ſó𝔯-felt̜t,

be’fó𝔯, they d̜oo attain,

Ţtoo know, what iƷ, the cark, and cár,⁶

fo𝔯 hᴏ̹wſhóld, and for chýld,

And matronḷy, t̜oo 𝔶e’ld ſᴏ̹m ſtey,

in hᴏ̹ws, in grańg’, and fe’ld.

Euń-ſo, ſith̹ I, in fó𝔯mer 𝔶e’rz͑,⁷

h̜au’ trau’eld̜, with gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d mýnd,

for my cᴏ̹ntry, from tým, too tým,

aƷ duṭy, d̜ooth aľ býnd:

My hóp, in elder 𝔶e’rz͑, at-laſt,

iƷ t̜oo rec’eiu-agein,

the fre’ndḷy comfo𝔯t, of gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d mýndζ,

t̜oo qit part, of my pain.

The bærịng ho𝔯s, the d𝔯awịng ox,⁸

the tooilịng as, aľſo,

a̜r cheriſhẹd, for theiṛ labᴏ̹𝔯:

why ſhou̹ld not man be’ toó?

Sith̹ man, fo𝔯 manƺ́ſák, ḅo𝔯ń iƷ,⁹

nón can, ſo liu’, alón,

that of him-ſel𝔣, can ſo p𝔯ou’ýd,

that he’, hath̹ ne’d, of nón. {n. p.}

Sᴏ̹m hau’ ón gift, ſᴏ̹m an, ᴏ̹ther:¹⁰

ſᴏ̹m with the body tooyl:

ſᴏ̹m with the mýnd a̜r exerc’ýƷḍ:

and God, appoointth̜, æch ſoyl,

T̜oo b𝔯ing-fᴏ̹rth̹, diu’erſ̹ḷy, theiṛ frutζ,

in barenſ̹t plác’, may grow

móſt-plenty-fu̹l, of the beſt frutζ,

if God, wil hau’ it ſo.

Nón ſhou̹ld deſpýƷ, the giftζ of God,¹¹

whær-ſoeu’er, he’ it fýnd:

whoo-ſo, ſetz-liht, by-bettŕịng th̹ingζ,¹²

ſhewe̹th̹, him-ſel𝔣 v̹n-kýnd,

Too him, that táke̹th̹ painƺ́thær-in,

𝔶’ v̹n-th̹ank-fu̹l, iƷ too God,

that iƷ, the ge’u’ọ𝔯 of aľ giftζ,

and can, mák gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d of bad.

Bu̹t t̜oo retu̹rń, too mirro𝔯ƺ́ vc’:¹³

the trau’el, I am in,

may be’ compárẹd, too the tým,

in which, wᴏ̹-m͑en be’gin

T̜oo conc’eiu’ chýld, and the ten mᴏ̹nth̹ζ,¹⁴

be’fó𝔯, deliu’ŕạnc’ cᴏ̹m,

iƷ lýk my cás, rekńịng æch mᴏ̹nth̹

a 𝔶er, within which ſu̹m,

Many a pinchịng, pang I had,

and gre’p, v̹ntoo the reinz͑,

which I be’w𝔯eyd̜, too ſu̹ch, aƷ I, {A2}

th̜owht, w̜ou̹ld æƷ, that my painz͑.

I mu̹ſt confes, ſᴏ̹m fre’ndζ I f̜ou̹nd,¹⁵

that ga̜u’ me’ ſᴏ̹m rele’f,

with comfo𝔯tạbl ſpe’ch, bu̹t 𝔶et,

they æƷd̜ not, aľ my gre’f.

No gre’f iƷ grætẹr, too the mýnd,¹⁶

than when, the ſco𝔯ńịng train

d̜ooth g’eſt, and g’ýb, at v’ertuƺ́ giftζ,

and ſu̹ch aƷ d̜oo ták pain:

𝔜e, for theiṛ gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d, that deƷeru’ not,¹⁷

t̜oo hau’, ſo gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d a th̹ing:

them-ſelu’ζ, not ábľ, t̜oo doo lýk,

theiṛ mýndζ, not ſo bendịng.

If tæŕƺ́ ſhou̹ld faľ-dᴏ̹wn, from mýn yiz͑,

it wær not, of chýldịſh mýnd,

ſith̹, nærẹr ſtepζ, of th̹𝔯e’ ſcó𝔯 𝔶erz͑,

than fifty, my fe’t fýnd:

No𝔯 𝔶et, fo𝔯 faintnes, of cᴏ̹𝔯ag’

ſith, wilịng mýnd me’ lædd̜,

twýc’, intoo fo𝔯en foƺ́cᴏ̹ntry,

v̹nder the enſýn ſp𝔯edḍ,

Seru’ịng twoo knihtζ, riht-wᴏ̹𝔯ſhip-fu̹l,¹⁸

bóth ſold𝔶o𝔯ƺ́of renᴏ̹wn,

riht-ſkil-fu̹l in, warḷy affairz͑,

t̜oo ſeru’ in feld, o𝔯 tᴏ̹wn:

With whoom͑ I vƷd̜ ſu̹ch dilig’enc’, ¹⁹

that they pu̹tt̜ tru̹ſt in me’, {n. p.}

mó𝔯 than in ſᴏ̹m, of eldẹr 𝔶erz͑,

and hihẹr of degre’:

I ſeru’d̜ aľſo, in gariƷon,²⁰

with capten Tu̹rno𝔯 toó,

t̜oo get knowḷedg’, in mart̹ial fætζ,

the mu̹ſter-bookζ can ſhew:

In aľ which týmƺ́I ſtu̹dięd then,²¹

𝔶e ſinc’, aƷ erneſtḷy,

the ſold𝔶o𝔯ƺ́art, aƷ Grammar-rul,

and cou̹ld ſay: nᴏ̹w for me’:

If credit w̜ær ge’u’ṇ́ v̹ntoo me’:²²

a tool in ſtó𝔯-hᴏ̹ws hýdḍ,

may ſeru’ aƷ wel aƷ ᴏ̹ther d̜oo,

when thér iƷ tým and ne’d.

When tým and leiƷur ga̹u’ me’læu’,²³

o𝔯 fre’nd d̜id it reqý𝔯,

I d̜id deliht in hawk o𝔯 hou̹nd,

mó𝔯 at my fre’ndζ deƷý𝔯,

Than aľ-toogether fo𝔯 plæƷựr:²⁴

in tilạg’ had I ſkil,

the 𝔶ᴏ̹ng b𝔯e’d, the óld t̜oo fe’d,

with ᴏ̹ther th̹ingζ not il.

My mýnd waƷ ḅent in aľ my lý𝔣,²⁵

t̜oo wiſh my cᴏ̹ntryƺ́wæl,

long tým ſtu̹dyịng the lawƺ́of it,

that ciu’ilḷy d̜oo dæl,

u̹ntiḷ I ſaw th̹𝔯ᴏ̹wh cᴏ̹lᴏ̹𝔯d riht, {n. p.}

gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d conſc’ienc’ bær ſmaľ ſway,

and ræƷń rangęd not in rank,

aƷ I had knowń̜ the day.

Thu̹s dælịng with m͑en diu’ers̹ waiz͑,²⁶

ſe’ịng the cou̹rs go-w𝔯y,

I th̜owht it cou̹ld, not b’il th̜owht-of,

if ſᴏ̹m mæn I d̜id try,

Fo𝔯 ſpe’dị lærńịng: that the ſmaľ²⁷

in 𝔶e’rz͑, bu̹t in degre’,

grætẹr, miht with mó𝔯 æƷ attain,

the beſt path̹-way t̜oo ſe’:

Whooz͑ζ ne’d’Ʒ not ſu̹ch, nor cᴏ̹𝔯ag’ bás,

t̜oo ſtu̹dy, aľ, fo𝔯 gain,

bu̹t t̜oo meƷur, bóth riht and w𝔯ong,

a trau’el wᴏ̹𝔯th̹ theiṛ pain.

A Twin this volum iƷ, that hath̹²⁸

a felow of mó𝔯 fám,

whoo ſhaľ in ſwadľịng clóth̹ζ ly ſtil,

v̹ntil it ták hiƷ nám,

From hir móſt-ſacred handζ that ſitƷ,²⁹

in royal p𝔯inc’ḷy ſæt,

and may commau̹nd, bóth hih and low,

the ſmaľ, the mæn, and græt.

And that the lærńẹd, nᴏ̹w wou̹ld ſhew,³⁰

I cráu among the reſt,

hᴏ̹w many alón, fo𝔯 hiƷ cᴏ̹ntry,

hath̹ b̜𝔯owht the lýk too-pas: {n. p.}

Bóth fo𝔯 the perfect pictùrịng,

of ſpe’ch, and Grammar toó:

not læuịng-ou̹t óld letter, no𝔯

b𝔯ingịng new ſhápζ fo𝔯 mo:

Nor alterịng the ſenc’ of wo𝔯dζ,

no𝔯 of ſentenc’ the ph𝔯ás̹,

bu̹t that æch v’olum, tým t̜oo cᴏ̹m,

may be’ rædḍ aƷ it waƷ:

And by my trau’el Engliſh trýḍ,³¹

a perfect rulẹd tu̹ng,

conferạbľ in Grammar-art,

with any rulẹd long.

Bu̹t if I er in my conc’eit, ³²

o𝔯 by wo𝔯dζ ge’u’ offenc’,

wrýt me’ the firſt, pardń the laſt,

and with me’ d̜oo diſpenc’:

Fo𝔯 aƷ in th̹𝔯owz͑, the wᴏ̹-man-kýnd³³

iƷ tu̹chṭ, in hard trau’el,

when lý𝔣 with deth̹, fo𝔯 maiſtŕị ſtriu’Ʒ,

whær-by ſhe’ can not tel,

Whoom͑ ſhe’ offendz: eu’ń-ſo my cás,³⁴

too hirƺ́ may be’ compárḍ,

that trau’el in this weihṭị wᴏ̹𝔯k,

whær-in, if I h̜au’ erd̜,

If lý𝔣 d̜oo laſt, I wil it mend,³⁵

and th̜ink no ſhám at-aľ,

t̜oo be’ refo𝔯ḿḍ, (fo𝔯 man may er) {n. p.}

elc’ bæſt-lýk d̜oo me’ caľ.

The ſold𝔶o𝔯 in a hóld, be’ſe’g’ḍ,³⁶

with famin ſó𝔯-opp𝔯eſṭ,

iƷ d𝔯iu’ṇ́ with fó𝔯c’, t̜oo mák hiƷ way,

nót pýnịng lýk a bæſt,

RefuƷịng not imparlanc’ with³⁷

hiƷ enemy t̜oo hau’,

aƷ hiƷ credit, and cᴏ̹ntryƺ́welṭh̹,

he’ may with ǒno𝔯 ſáu’.

AƷ war iƷ an extrémịty,³⁸

that w𝔯ongζ fó𝔯c’ d̜ooth p𝔯ocur:

ſo pæc’ (with ǒno𝔯) iƷ p𝔯eferḍ,

be’fó𝔯 warḷy plæƷụr.

𝔜ou̹ṛ gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d acc’eptạnc’ of thæƷ pain z͑,³⁹

wil cau̹Ʒ me’ t̜oo ſet hand,

t̜oo perfectịng a Dict̹ionary,

the th̹ird ſtrength̹ of this band:

If any gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d man wil p𝔯oc’ed,

thær-in t̜oo ták ſᴏ̹m pain,

and that gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d lu̹k wil ſtretch t̜oo qit,

the ſám gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d wil ∗ agein.

FINIS.

{n. p.}

W. Bu̹ llokarƺ́abb𝔯euiat̜ịon of hiƷ Grammar fo𝔯 e’ngliſh extractẹd ou̹t-of hiƷ Grammar at-lárg’, fo𝔯 the ſpe’dị párc’ịng of e’ngliſh ſpe’ch, and the æƷịẹr cᴏ̹mịng too the knowḷedg’ of Grammar fo𝔯 ᴏ̹ther langag’eζ.

The Nám of any th̹ing that may be’ ſe’ṇ, fe’lṭt, hæ’rḍd,⁴¹ or v̹nderſtandẹd iƷ caľẹd a nᴏ̹wn, aƷ a hand, a hᴏ̹ws, and yi, God, gᴏ̹ᴏ̹dṇes, hæ’rịng, lærńịng: and may the æƷịḷyẹr be knowṇ́, from eu’ery ᴏ̹ther part of ſpe’ch, by ſᴏ̹m-ón of thæƷ articľz͑, A, An, or The, ſetṭ be’fó𝔯 ſu̹ch wo𝔯d, which may comu̹n𝑙y be vƷẹd be’fó𝔯 any nᴏ̹wn-ſu̹sſtantiu’ named alón: bu̹t if a ſu̹sſtantiu’ be’ịng in ſentenc’ gᴏ̹u’erń a nᴏ̹wn-adi̹ectiu’, the adi̹ectiu’ iƷ commu̹nḷy ſeṭt be’twe’n ſu̹ch articl’ and ſu̹bſtantiu’, theiṛ p𝔯epoſ̜it̜ion {B1} be’ịng commu̹nḷy ſeṭt be’fó𝔯 them aľ (exc’ept ſᴏ̹m tým for me’trz ſák) aƷ a man of an exc’elẹnt wit waƷ calẹd t̜oo anſwer in the græt hal be’fó𝔯 aľ the wýƷẹst offic’ọ𝔯ƺ́of the city.

⁴²A Nᴏ̹wn-Su̹bſtantiu’ iƷ a perfect wo𝔯d of it-ſel𝔣 withou̹t any wo𝔯d t̜oo be’ i̹ooinẹd with it: aƷ in the wo𝔯dζ ſhewing be’fó𝔯 what iƷ caľẹd a nᴏ̹wn.

⁴³A Nᴏ̹wn-Adi̹ectiu iƷ a wo𝔯d not perfectḷy v̹nderſtandẹd exc’ept a nᴏ̹wn-ſu̹bſtantiu’ be’ i̹ooynẹd with it: which ſu̹bſtantiu’ iƷ knowṇ́ by the anſwer whoo? or what?ṃád v̹pon the adi̹ectiu’: aƷ, gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d, blak, hard, gre’n: whoo gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d? God. What blak? pitch. What hard? wax. What gre’n? gras.

A Nᴏ̹wn iƷ either of the ſingular nu̹mber, o𝔯 of the plural nu̹mber.

⁴⁴The Singular Nu̹mber ſpæketh̹ bu̹t of ón: aƷ, a hᴏ̹ws, an yi, the truṭh̹. The Plural nu̹mber ſpæke̹th̹ of mo than ón: aƷ hᴏ̹wſeζ, yiz͑, truṭh̹ζ. A, an, ſeru’ịng too the ſingular. The, ſeru’ịng too bóth nu̹mberz͑.

⁴⁵He’r iƷ to be’ nótẹd, that, A, iƷ ſᴏ̹m tým vƷẹd with the plural nu̹mber, be’ịng i̹ooinẹd with an adi̹ectiu’ ſhewing plural nu̹mber: aƷ, a hu̹nderd bu̹llokζ, a th̹ᴏ̹Ʒand ſhe’p: o𝔯 with Collectiu’ζ: aƷ, a dᴏ̹Ʒń ſpoonz͑: alſo we’ ſay many a {n. p.} man, many a tým, fo𝔯 many m͑en, and many týmz͑. A, d̜ooth̹ ſᴏ̹m tým ſu̹pply the mænịng of the p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ionz͑, in, of, abou̹t, v̹pon, o𝔯 on: and⁴⁶ iƷ ſᴏ̹m tým in compoſ̜it̹ion with wo𝔯dζ vƷẹd adu’erbịally, ſᴏ̹m tým g’eru̹ndịalḷy: The, iƷ al’way vƷẹd demonſtratiu’ḷy o𝔯 relatiu’ḷy: a, and an, a̜r vƷẹd appellatiu’ḷy.

A Nᴏ̹wn- Su̹bſtantiu’ may be’ declýnẹd, o𝔯⁴⁷ at the-læſt vƷẹd in Fýu’ Cáſeζ: t̜oo wit, The Nominatiu’, the Accuſ̜atiu’, the Gainạtiu’, the V’ocatiu’, and the G’enitiu’-propŕịetary.

⁴⁸Eu’ery Simpl’ ſu̹bſtantiu’ withou̹t any adịt̹ịon too the firſt námịng thær-of may be’ caľẹd the Nominatiu’-cás, thowh it be’ ſpókń alón by it-ſel𝔣, which be’ịng i̹ooinẹd with ᴏ̹ther wo𝔯dζ in ſentenc’, gᴏ̹u’erńe̹th̹ a v’erb in nu̹mber and perſń, and iƷ commu̹nḷy ſetṭ be’fó𝔯 the v’erb, o𝔯 ſýn of hiƷ tenc’, and anſwere̹th̹ too the qeſtion, whoo? o𝔯 what ṃád v̹pon the v’erb o𝔯 hiƷ ſýn: exc’ept a qeſtion be aſkẹd by the v’erb, o𝔯 that the v’erb be’ the Imparatiu’-mood, o𝔯 that, iť, o𝔯 thér, cᴏ̹m be’fó𝔯 the v’erb o𝔯 hiƷ ſýn, o𝔯 that the nominatiu’-cás be ſetṭ after this wo𝔯d Had, whær if, iƷ t̜oo be v̹nderſtandẹd: and ſᴏ̹m tým the v’erb agree̹th̹ in nu̹mber and perſń with, iť, thowh the wo𝔯d folowịng the v’erb anſwere̹th̹ too the qeſtion, whoo? o𝔯 what? aƷ, iť iƷ {B2} not I, iť iƷ thu̹: iť iƷ we’, iť iƷ not they, the negatiu’, not, be’ịng al’-way ſetṭ after the v’erb, o𝔯 be’twe’n the v’erb and the ſýn of hiƷ tenc’. In aľ thæƷ exc’ept̹ịonƺ́the nominatiu’ cás iƷ ſetṭ after the v’erb, o𝔯 after the ſýn of hiƷ tenc’.

⁴⁹The Accuſ̜atiu’-Cás d̜ooth g’eneralḷy folow the v’erb, partic’ipľ, p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion, or geru̹ndịal, and anſwere̹th̹ too the qeſtion, whoom͑? o𝔯 what? ṃád v̹pon the v’erb, partic’ipl’, p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion, o𝔯 geru̹ndịal: and iƷ ſᴏ̹m tým vƷẹd abſolutḷy, that iƷ, not gᴏ̹uerńẹd of any word, when it ſhewe̹th̹, meƷùr, ſpác, o𝔯 tým. ⁵⁰Bu̹t the ſám ſpe’ch be’ịng vƷẹd gainạtiuḷy iƷ caľẹd the Gainạtiu’-Cás, and be’ịng caľed o𝔯 ſpókń- v̹ntoo iƷ ſayẹd t̜oo be’ the Vocatiu’-Cás⁵¹: aƷ, How Jǒn, Roberd ge’u’e̹th̹ Richard a ſhert, and Nicolas máke̹th̹ William a cót. In this ſentenc’ Jǒn iƷ the v’ocatiu’-cás: Roberd and Nicolas be’ the nominatiu’-cás: ſhert and cót be the’ accuſatiu’-cás: Richard and William be’ the gainạtiu’-cás, which may be’ reſ̜oluẹd intoo the accuſ̜atiu’-cás by the p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion, Too o𝔯 Fo𝔯: aƷ, How Jǒn, Roberd ge’ue̹th̹ a ſhert too Richard, and Nicolas máke̹th̹ a cót fo𝔯 William. Alſo it may be’ caľẹd the gainạtiu’-cás be’ịng vƷẹd in lýk ph𝔯ás, thowh in a ſignificat̹ion contrary too gain: aƷ, he b𝔯ák me’ a bow, ſpooile̹d {n. p.} William a cót, and hu̹rt my father and a ho𝔯s. ⁵²So, that the fower cáſeζ befó𝔯 námẹd be’ of ón v’oic’ and figur. And ſᴏ̹m tým vƷẹd neither gainạtiu’ḷy, no𝔯 contrariḷy: aƷ, he’ t̜óld me’ the matter, and ſhewe̹d me’ hiƷ mýnd.

⁵³The g’enitiu’-P𝔯opŕịetary iƷ so caľẹd, bic’au̹Ʒ it gete̹th̹, éζ, ζ, o𝔯 z͑, adẹd too the nominatiu’ of bóth nu̹mberz͑: and hau’ịng after it an ᴏ̹ther wo𝔯d p𝔯opŕ o𝔯 pertainịng too it, caľẹd the P𝔯opRịety, which may be’ ſetṭ be’fo𝔯 ſu̹ch p𝔯opŕịetary, if 𝔶e’ reſ̜olu’ this g’enitiu’ p𝔯opŕịetary with the p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion of: aƷ, the maiſterƺ́tæchịng th̹𝔯ᴏ̹wh wýƷḍᴏ̹mƺ́gýd, 𝔈 chýlddérńƺ́lærńịng th̹𝔯ᴏ̹wh v’ertuƺ́help, d̜ooth̹ qit the parentζ charg’eζ: reſ̜olu’ẹd thu̹s, The tæchịng of the maiſter th̹𝔯ᴏ̹wh the gýd of wýƷḍᴏ̹m, and lærńịng of chýlddérń th̹𝔯ᴏ̹wh the help of v’ertu, d̜ooth̹ qit the charg’eζof the parent: and if the p𝔯opŕịety be’ gᴏ̹u’erńẹd of a p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion, ſu̹ch p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion iƷ ſetṭ be’fo𝔯 ſu̹ch g’enitiu’-p𝔯opŕịetary, whoo be’ịng of the ſingular nu̹mber iƷ cõmu̹nḷy eqiu’oc with the nominatiu’ plural diſtingu̹iſhẹd thu̹s, eζ, ζ, z͑, bu̹t the g’enitiu’-p𝔯opŕịetary miht be’ bettẹr diſtingu̹iſhẹd in figur with iζ, ou̹r v’oic’ not diſ-agre’ịng: e, and, i, in thóƷ plác’eζ be’ịng ſo ſho𝔯tḷy p𝔯onou̹nc’ẹd.

The nominatiu’-cás be’ịng i̹ooinẹd with a⁵⁴ {n. p.} partic’ipľ, and gou’erńịng no v’erb, nor gou’erńẹd of a verb, may be’ caľẹd the Nominaitu’-Cás-Abſolut: aƷ meƷur, ſpác, or tým may be’ vƷẹd in the accuſ̜atiu’-cás abſolutḷy alſo: aƷ, they w̜ær ten dayƺ́rýdịng a hu̹nderd mýlz͑, we’ taryịng-ſtil at Lᴏ̹ndon, and not lookịng ón foot withou̹t the wal’z͑. Su̹ch nominatiu’ abſolut may gou’erń the v’erb, when ſu̹ch partic’ipľ iƷ reſ̜olu’ẹd by hiƷ v’erb, hau’ịng be’fó𝔯 it ón of thæƷ coni̹u̹nct̹ionz͑, when, whýlſ̜t, if, ſo-that, o𝔯 ſu̹ch lýk: aƷ, they w̜ær ten dayƺ́rýdịng a hu̹nderd mýlz͑, whýlſ̜t we’ taryẹd-ſtil at Lᴏ̹ndon, and lookt̜ not ón foot withou̹t the wal’z͑.

⁵⁵The cás caľẹd Ablaitu’ in Latin o𝔯 ᴏ̹ther langag iƷ in e’ngliſh the accuſ̜atiu’, thowh gᴏ̹u’erńẹd of a p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion ſignifyịng abľatiu’ḷy.

⁵⁶T̜oo declýn a Nᴏ̹wn-Su̹bſtantiu’ remember the twoo nu̹mberƺ́and the fýu’ cáſeζ be’fó𝔯 goịng: t̜oo wit, that the accuſ̜atiu’, the gainạtiu’, 𝔈 the v’ocatiu’, be lýk theiṛ nominatiu’ in bóth nu̹mberz͑, nótịng the adịt̜ionz͑, éζ, ζ, o𝔯 z͑, (rather iζ) t̜oo forḿ the g’enitiu’-p𝔯opŕịetary ſingular, and eζ, ζ, o𝔯 z͑, t̜oo fo𝔯ḿ the nominatiu’ plural acco𝔯dịng too the letter endịng the nominatiu’ ſingular. That iƷ, too c’, ch, g, x, Ʒ, ſ, o𝔯 ſh, ad eζ: too b, c, k, d, f, g, h, p, t, th, th̹, v, o𝔯 wh, ad ζ: too l, m, n, r, v’ᴏ̹wel, haľ𝔣 v’ᴏ̹wel, o𝔯 dipth̹ong, {n. p.} ad z͑. Chańg’ 𝔣, aľ-way into vζ. The genitiu’ plural iƷ forḿẹd of the nominatiu’ plural be’ịng chańg’ed in figur: and it w̜ær not amis if the g’enitiu’ plural wær g’eneralḷy fo𝔯ḿẹd of the nominatiu’ plural, thowh ou̹r ſpe’ch ſeldᴏ̹m hath̹ éζ, ζ, o𝔯 z͑, adẹd too the fo𝔯ḿọ𝔯 endịng in éζ, ζ, o𝔯 z͑, be’ịng a fo𝔯ḿạtiu’ it-ſel𝔣: for exampl’, Thu̹s:

{n. p.}

{n. p.}

Nót that in the declýnịngζ of thæƷ exaḿpl’ƺ́and ᴏ̹ther wo𝔯dζ, ou̹r v’oic’ d̜ooth ſe’ld vƷ, éζ, adẹd too the nominatiu’-plural be’ịng it-ſel𝔣 foŕḿẹd by, éζ, ζ, o𝔯 z͑, adẹd too the ſimpľ: 𝔶et I h̜au’ thu̹s figùrẹd it fo𝔯 diſtinct̹ịonƺ́ſák, whær, é, may wel be’ ḷeft-ou̹t thær-in, and aľſo in the g’enitiu’ ſingular, the ſimpl’ endịng in s, and ſpec’ialḷy t̜oo defaľk a ſillabľ in v’érs, and then figurẹd thu̹s: ſζ, z͑ζ: aƷ, Midaſζ ærz͑ζ length̹ waƷ mór-wᴏ̹nderẹd-at, than twenty bu̹lz͑ζ ho𝔯ńz͑ζ ſho𝔯tṇes, o𝔯 a hu̹nderd ho𝔯ſζ ærƺ́cropt̜ too theiṛ hedζζ náp. Fo𝔯 plainẹr ſhew reſ̜olu’ẹd thu̹s: The length̹ of the ærƺ́of Midas waƷ mó𝔯 wᴏ̹nderẹd-at than the ſho𝔯tṇes of the ho𝔯ńƺ́of twenty bu̹lz͑, o𝔯 the ærƺ́of a hu̹nderd ho𝔯ſeζ cropṭ too the náp of theiṛ hedζ. {C1}

Nót aľſo that ſᴏ̹m ſu̹bſtantiuζ chańg’ voic’ and figùr in the nominatiu’ plural: aƷ, of man cᴏ̹me̹th̹ m͑en, of peny cᴏ̹me̹th̹ penc’: and ſᴏ̹m-few hau’ ón voic’ and figùr in bóth nu̹mberz͑: aƷ, a ſhe’p, and twoo ſhe’p: pe’pl’, folk, ſwýn, cattel, fᴏ̹wl, de’r, a̜r vƷẹd in bóth nu̹mberz͑, and móſt collectiuζ and maſạtiuζ, and ſᴏ̹m endịng in x, o𝔯 Ʒ, fo𝔯ḿ the plural by adịng n͑, aƷ, of ox, oxn͑: of hóƷ, hóƷeζ, and hóƷn͑, æƷịḷy knowṇ́ too the e’ngliſh nat̹ion. The dou̹t-fu̹l ſtrańgọ𝔯 may folow g’eneral rul: whooƺ́mænịng we v̹nderſtand, aƷ wel aƷ we’ know him a ſtrańgọ𝔯 thær-by, in chańg’ẹd declýnạtiu’ζ.

⁵⁹AƷ -tᴏ̹chịng G’enderƺ́of a nᴏ̹wn, we’ hau litľ ne’d of diſtingu̹iſhịng of them, in reſpect of gᴏ̹u’erńịng of an adi̹ectiu’ o𝔯 partic’ipľ whoo a̜r v̹n-declýnẹd: bu̹t in reſpect that a ſu̹bſtantiu’ mæne̹th̹ the mál o𝔯 the femál, o𝔯 neither of them, and ſᴏ̹m tým mæne̹th̹ bóth mál and femál, aľ which a̜r ſignifiẹd by thæƷ p𝔯ᴏnᴏ̹wnz͑, He’, She’, It, They, vƷẹd ſᴏ̹m tým demonſtratiuḷy, ſᴏ̹m tým relatiuḷy: 𝔶e mu̹ſt nót that the Mál mó𝔯-p𝔯opŕḷy reqý𝔯e̹th̹ He’: and caľẹd the Maſculin-G’ender. The Femál reqýre̹th̹ She’, and caľẹd the Femenin-G’ender. And mænịng neither mál no𝔯 femál reqýre̹th̹, It, and caľẹd the Neu̹ter-G’ender. Bu̹t mænịng both {n. p.} mál and femál reqý𝔯e̹th̹ ſᴏ̹m tým He’, ſᴏ̹m tým She’, and may be caľẹd the Dᴏ̹bl’-G’ender, ſᴏ̹m tým ṃád manifeſt by the exp𝔯eſịng of he’, o𝔯 she’, acco𝔯dịng too the ſu̹bſtantiu’ ſhewẹd, o𝔯 antec’edent rehærc’ẹd by any of them: it, be’ịng mó𝔯-p𝔯opŕḷy applyẹd too a th̹ing not hauịng ly𝔣. It be’ịng vƷẹd Demonſtratiuḷy⁶⁰ iƷ acc’entẹd, thu̹s, iť, beịng p𝔯opŕḷy of the neu̹ter-g’ender ſingular nu̹mber 𝔈 th̹ird perſń, 𝔶et ſᴏ̹m tým vƷẹd in ſhewịng ᴏ̹ther g’ender, nu̹mber, and perſń: aƷ, iť iƷ I, iť iƷ not thu̹, iť iƷ they, iť iƷ not we’, that mu̹ſt doo it. Also when the g’ender iƷ Dou̹t-fu̹l, aƷ in ſpækịng of⁶¹ a ſwýn, a fᴏ̹wl, and ſu̹ch lýk, we’ vƷ mó𝔯-p𝔯opŕḷy, It, whoo ſhewịng the nominatiu’-cás of plural nu̹mber and th̹ird perſń ſetṭ after the v’erb-ſu̹bſtantiu’, may ſu̹ffer ſu̹ch v’erb t̜oo be’ vƷẹd in the plural nu̹mber: aƷ, iť be’ m͑en, iť be’ ho𝔯seζ, o𝔯 iť be’ ſwýn that ly thær. An Adi̹ectiu’⁶² o𝔯 a Partic’ipľ in reſpect of hiƷ ſu̹bſtantiu’ may be’ ſayẹd any of thæƷ g’enderz͑, and thær-fo𝔯 caľẹd the Commu̹n G’ender, ſo iƷ of cáſeζ and nu̹mberƺ́in an adi̹ectiu’ o𝔯 partic’ipľ, and the ſoonẹr bycau̹Ʒ-of conferẹnc’ with ᴏ̹ther langag’eζ that declýn adi̹ectiu’ζ and partic’ipľz͑. {C2}

Nót that, whoo, whooz͑, and whoom͑ mó𝔯-fitḷy ſern too the ſignifyịng of man-kýnd: al’ſo whooz͑ζ miht be figùrẹd fo𝔯 diſtinct̹ịon of the plural.

⁶⁵O̹ther Adi̹ectiuζ a̜r V̹n-declýnẹd: exc’ept they be’ vƷẹd aƷ a ſu̹bſtantiu’, o𝔯 hau’ theiṛ ſu̹bſtantiu’ v̹nderſtandẹd and not exp𝔯eſt with {n. p.} them, and then folow the declýning of a ſu̹bſtantiu’ accordịng too the endịng letter: aƷ be’fo𝔯 iƷ ſhewẹd t̜oo declýn a ſu̹bſtantiu’: aƷ in this ſentenc’, the wýƷẹſtζ pu̹rpoƷ iƷ t̜oo au’oyd the eu’ľƺ́cᴏ̹mpany, and t̜oo folow the godḷyƺ́aduýc’.

Adi̹ectiuζ whooz͑ζ ſignificat̹ion and mænịng⁶⁶ may be’ encræc’ẹd o𝔯 diminiſhẹd may fo𝔯ḿ Compárịſ̜on: and thér be th̹re’ degreƺ́of Compárịſ̜on: t̜oo wit, The Poſ̜itiu’, the Compárạtiu’, and the Superlatiu’.

The Poſ̜itiu’ be’tokńe̹th̹ the th̹ing abſolutḷy withou̹t exc’es: t̜oo wit, not encræc’ẹd no𝔯 diminiſhẹd in ſignificat̹ion: aƷ hard, g’entľ, warḿ, ſlow. The Compárạtiu’ ſᴏ̹m-what exc’ede̹th̹ hiƷ poſ̜itiu’ in ſignific’at̹ion, and iƷ fo𝔯ḿẹd of hiƷ poſ̜itiu’ by adịng, ẹr: aƷ, hardẹr, g’entľẹr, warḿẹr, ſlowẹr. The Superlatiu’ exc’e’dịng hiƷ poſ̜itiu’ in the hihẹſt degre’, and fo𝔯ḿẹd of hiƷ poſ̜itiu’ by adịng ẹſt: aƷ, hardẹſt, g’entľẹſt, warḿẹſt, ſlowẹſt.

A-Few Adi̹ectiuζ fo𝔯ḿ Compárịſ̜on by⁶⁷ chańg’ịng voic’: aƷ, of gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d cᴏ̹me̹th̹ bettẹr and beſt: of il and eu’l’, wᴏ̹𝔯s and wᴏ̹𝔯ſt: of litl’, les and læſt: of mu̹ch, mó𝔯 and móſt: of many, cᴏ̹me̹th̹ mo: and ſo of few ᴏ̹ther. We’ vƷ ſᴏ̹m tým, the wᴏ̹𝔯sẹr, and the leſẹr, compárạtiuḷy: {n. p.} ⁶⁸The compáratiu’ be’ing mó𝔯-p𝔯opŕly vƷẹd in compáring of twoo toogether: The ſuperlatiu’ vƷẹd in compárịng of mo, thowh we’ e’ngliſh vƷ the ſuperlatiu’ aľſo when we’ compár bu̹t twoo th̹ingζ toogether.

⁶⁹The Compáratiu’ iƷ ſᴏ̹m tým fo𝔯ḿed by-ſetịng, Mó𝔯, in compoſ̜it̹ion be’fó𝔯 the poſ̜itiu’: and the Superlatiu’ lýkwýƷ by-compou̹ndịng it with, Móſt: aƷ, of bóld, mó𝔯-bóld, and ⁷⁰móſt-bóld: and ſᴏ̹m tým by Better and Beſt (tákṇ́ in gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d part) o𝔯 incræc’ed: and by Wᴏ̹𝔯s and Wᴏ̹𝔯ſt (tákṇ́ in il part) o𝔯 diminiſhẹd, ſetṭ in compoſ̜ịt̹ion with the poſ̜itiu’: aƷ, of lærńẹd, better-lærńẹd, and beſt-lærńẹd: of ábľ, wᴏ̹𝔯s-ábľ, and wᴏ̹𝔯st-ábl. ThæƷ, mo𝔯, and, móſt, be’ịng compou̹dẹd móſtḷy with partic’ipľƺ́of the p𝔯eter tenc’.

⁷¹An Adi̹ectiu’ exc’e’dịng in ſignificat̹ion abᴏ̹u’ meƷùr, withou̹t any Compárịſ̜on iƷ oftń vƷẹd with thæƷ compoſ̜it̹ionz͑, too-, o𝔯 ou’er-: aƷ, too-hard, o𝔯 ou’er-hard: too-g’entľ, o𝔯 ou’er-g’entľ: aľſo we’ ſay, too-too-hard, and ou’er-mu̹ch-hard: that iƷ, hard abᴏ̹u’ meƷùr.

⁷²Twoo Adi̹ectiu’ζ cᴏ̹mịng toogether in ſentenc’, the ón incræc’ịng, diminiſhịng, o𝔯 ſtrongḷy affirḿịng the ſignificat̹ion of the ᴏ̹ther may be’ vƷẹd in Compoſ̜ịt̹ion: aƷ, fu̹l-bóld, gre’u’ᴏ̹ọs-{n. p.}ſik. LýkwýƷ an Adi̹ectiu’ may be compou̹nded ſᴏ̹m tým with an Adu’erb o𝔯 adu’erbịal of qality o𝔯 ᴏ̹ther: aƷ, wel-lærńẹd, wel-be’-lᴏ̹u’ẹd, mu̹ch-deƷý𝔯ᴏ̹ọs, v’ery-gᴏ̹ᴏ̹d, riht-glad. And ſᴏ̹m tým an Adi̹ectiu’ iƷ vƷẹd Adu’erbịalḷy móſtḷy⁷³ qalitiu’ḷy, and ſᴏ̹m tým qantitiu’ḷy: aƷ, ſpæk ſoft I p𝔯ay 𝔶ou̹: I lᴏ̹u’ 𝔶ou̹ mu̹ch.

𝔜e’ mu̹ſt Nót that eu’ery wo𝔯d iƷ ón of thæƷ⁷⁴ Six Figùrz͑: t̜oo wit, a p𝔯imitiu’, o𝔯 a deriu’ạtiu’: a ſingľ, o𝔯 a compoſ̜ịtiu’: a ſimpľ, o𝔯 a declýnạtiu’. It iƷ caľẹd a p𝔯imitiu’ when it hath̹ ſignificat̹ion and mænịng of it-ſel𝔣: aƷ, a man, a ſtón, a hand, hard, fat, læn: whoo hau’ thæƷ Derýu’ạtiu’ζ (with ᴏ̹ther:) t̜oo wit, manhᴏ̹ᴏ̹d, ſtónị,⁷⁵ handfu̹l, hardẹr, fatlịng, lænṇes, tákịng theiṛ ſeu’eral ſignificat̹ionƺ́of thóƷ-ſám p𝔯imitiu’ζ, and hau’ịng v̹nder the firſt letter of theiṛ adịt̹ion, this derýu’ạtiu’-p𝔯ik (.) and then caľẹd perfect derýu’ạtiu’ζ: bu̹t be’ịng chańg’ed in v’oic, aƷ, of e’ngland, e’ngliſh: of Frańc’, french: of b𝔯ód, b𝔯edth̹: of long, length̹: may be’ caľẹd AƷ-Derýu’ạtiu’ζ, o𝔯 rather Conſangu̹inatiu’ζ with ſu̹ch primitiu’ζ. It iƷ caľẹd a Singľ, when⁷⁶ it iƷ not compou̹ndẹd with any ſillabľ o𝔯 ſillabľz͑: aƷ with v̹n-, dis-, mis-, too-, les-, v’ery-, eu’ń-, -ſoeu’er, and ſu̹ch lýk: o𝔯 that twoo wo𝔯dζ be’ compou̹ndẹd with this cōpoſ̜ịtiu’-ſtrýk (-) {n. p.} and then caľẹd a Compoſ̜ịtiu’: aƷ man-kýnd, hard-hedẹd. This laſt caľẹd a compou̹ndẹd derýu’ạtiu’.

⁷⁷The Nominatiu’-Cás of a nᴏ̹wn o𝔯 p𝔯onᴏ̹wn, and the Infinitiu’-mood of a v’erb iƷ caľẹd the Simpľ of ſu̹ch part of ſpe’ch: which be’ịng declýnẹd intoo an ᴏ̹ther v’oic’ iƷ caľẹd a Declýnạtiu’, and be’ịng a nᴏ̹wn hath̹ this declýnạtiu’-ſtrýk (‘) ou’er the firſt letter of the adịt̹ion too hiƷ ſimpľ, o𝔯 knowṇ́ by this, ζ, caľẹd ζ, declýnạtiu’. Bu̹t in eu’ery v’erb, declýnạtiu’-ſtrýk iƷ ſetṭ v̹nder the firſt letter of the adịt̹ion. And if the declýnạtiu’ be chańg’ẹd in v’oic’ from hiƷ ſimpľ, then the declýnạtiu’-ſtrýk iƷ ſetṭ too the firſt letter of ſu̹ch v’oic’ chańg’ẹd: aƷ of t̜oo ſe’, I ſ̜aw: of man, m͑en. Bu̹t if the firſt letter be ſu̹ch with top o𝔯 foot that it can not bær ſu̹ch declýnạtiu’-ſtrýk, then may 𝔶e’ ſet thať ſtrýk too the next letter that may bær thať ſtrýk: aƷ, of lᴏ̹ws, lyc’: of t̜oo ge’u’, I ga̜u’. So, that it may wel be’ ſayẹd, whær thér iƷ a derýu’ạtiu’ o𝔯 declýnạtiu’ by adịt̹ion, thér iƷ al’ſo, a fó𝔯ḿọ𝔯, and a Fo𝔯ḿạtiu’.

⁷⁸Nót that ſᴏ̹m ón wo𝔯d hath̹ Diu’ers̹ ſignificat̹ionƺ́ o𝔯 mænịngζ, 𝔶et aľ of ón part of ſpe’ch: aƷ, a bil (fo𝔯 war) a bil (of det) a bil (of a bird:) al’ſo t̜oo hæl (o𝔯 t̜oo mák whól) and t̜oo {n. p.} hél (o𝔯 t̜oo cᴏ̹u’er with clóthζ, 𝔈c.) ſu̹ch wo𝔯d iƷ caľẹd an Eqiu’oc: bu̹t if ſu̹ch wo𝔯d of Diu’ers̹Mænịngζ may be’ vƷẹd in diu’ers̹ partζ of ſpe’ch, o𝔯 in pa𝔯ticular partζ of any-ón part of ſpe’ch, it may be’ caľẹd An Eqiu’ocạl: aƷ, of the wo𝔯d, Bu̹t, we’ ſay I ſhoott̜ at a bᴏ̹t, bu̹t I miſt̜ the mark, bycau̹Ʒ a ſhe’p d̜id bᴏ̹ᴏ̹t me’. The firſt, bᴏ̹t, be’ịng a nᴏ̹wn-ſu̹bſtantiu’: the ſecond bu̹t, be’ịng a coni̹u̹nct̹ion: the th̹ird bᴏ̹ᴏ̹t, be’ịng a v’erb. A Nᴏ̹wn-Su̹bſtantiu’ may æƷịḷy be’⁷⁹ knowṇ́ by ſetịng, a, an, o𝔯 the, be’fó𝔯 it. A Nᴏ̹wn-Adi̹ectiu’ iƷ knowń by a ſu̹bſtantiu’ i̹ooinẹd v̹ntoo it, which iƷ knowṇ́by-aſkịng the qeſtion, whoo? o𝔯 what? For withou̹t a ſu̹bſtantiu’ exp𝔯esſṭ o𝔯 v̹nderſtandẹd, the adi̹ectiu’ hath̹ no perfect ſignificat̹ion. Thér a̜r bu̹t ſixṭe’n⁸⁰ Pronᴏ̹wnƺ́ beſýd theiṛ com poſ̜ịtiu’ζ: ⁸¹A V’erb iƷ æƷịḷy knowṇ́ by hiƷ ſimpľ, vƷẹd with hiƷ ſýn o𝔯 p𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion, t̜oo, and mó𝔯-fu̹lḷy by-declýnịng it with the th̹𝔯e’ perſńƺ́ in bóth nu̹mberz͑: aƷ, t̜oo lᴏ̹u’, whær-of iƷ declýnẹd, I lᴏ̹u’, thu̹ lᴏ̹u’e̹ſt, he’ lᴏ̹u’e̹th̜, we’ lᴏ̹u’, 𝔶e’ lᴏ̹u’, they lᴏ̹u’, &c. ⁸²A Partic’ipľ iƷ æƷịḷy knowṇ́be’ịng aľ-way derýu’ẹd of a v’erb, and endịng in, ịng, o𝔯 in ẹd, ḍ, ṭ, ṇ, o𝔯 ṇ́, hau’ịng the derýu’ạtiu’-p𝔯ik v̹nder the adịt̹ion too the v’erb, o𝔯 v̹nder the firſt letter be’ịng chańg’ẹd in figùr. Al’ſo be’ịng a partic’ipľ it reqý𝔯e̹th̜ {G 1} a ſu̹bſtantiu’ o𝔯 antec’edent aƷ an adi̹ectiu’ d̜ooth̹. ⁸³An Adu’erb iƷ knowṇ́ from the fowŕ partζ be’fó𝔯-goịng, fo𝔯-that it can not be’ in the vc’ of any of them, bu̹t depende̹th̹ on ſᴏ̹m v’erb, and i̹ooine̹th̜ ſᴏ̹m ſpec’ial ſignificat̹ion too the v’erb, and iƷ not rulẹd of any wo𝔯d, nether ⁸⁴rule̹th̜ any wo𝔯d aƷ a P𝔯epoſ̜it̹ion d̜ooth aľ-way gᴏ̹u’erń an accuſ̜atiu’-cás ᴏ̹therwýƷ ſu̹ch ſpe’ch iƷ an adu’erb. ThæƷ bóth be’ịng knowṇ́frō a ⁸⁵Coni̹u̹nct̹ion whoo eu’er i̹ooyne̹th̹ wo𝔯dζ, ſentenc’eζ o𝔯 clau̹Ʒeζ of ſentenc’eζ toogether, 𝔈 be’ịng a copulatiu’ o𝔯 dis-i̹u̹nct̹iu’ o𝔯 any of thæƷ th̹𝔯e’, than, bu̹t, be’ſýd, cᴏ̹pl’ lýk moodζ, tenc’eζ, 𝔈 cáſeζ aƷ-wel aƷ ſentenc’eζ and clau̹Ʒeζ. ⁸⁶An Interi̹ect̹ịon iƷ æƷịḷy knowṇ́, fo𝔯 eu’ery wo𝔯d o𝔯 clau̹Ʒ of ſentenc’ be’ịng ſu̹ddenḷy ſpókń with a ſᴏ̹den paſſion of the mýnd v̹nder an v̹n-perfect v’oic’ (which iƷ in effect v̹n-párc’ạbľ) iƷ caľẹd an interi̹ect̹ịon. Which ſeu’erạl partζ of ſpe’ch be’ ſóm tým diſtingu̹ishẹd by figùr aƷ by thæƷ th̹𝔯e’ ⁸⁷Grammar-Nótζ (.) (-) (‘) and miht be’ ampľị diſtingu̹ishẹd by diu’ers̹ paierƺ́of letterz͑, and du̹bl’ịng of ſóm conſonant, and the bettẹr if a perfect ⁸⁸Dict̹ionary w̜ær ṃád acco𝔯dịngḷy fo𝔯 ou̹r ſpe’ch. For the firſt and che’f pooint in Grammar fo𝔯 Engliſh iƷ t̜oo know what part of ſpe’ch eu’ery wo𝔯d in eu’ery ſentenc’ {n. p.} iƷ: and thær-in t̜oo be’ wár of Eqiu’oc’y, ſᴏ̹m tým perc’eiu’ẹd ónly by ᴏ̹ther wo𝔯dζ in the ſentenc’. ⁸⁹ And when diu’ers̹ wo𝔯dζ ſeru’ fó𝔯 ón mænịng: aƷ t̜oo le’k, t̜oo phanſy, t̜oo fau’ᴏ̹𝔯, ſu̹ch may be’ caľẹd Co-ſignificatiu’ζ.

A P𝔯onᴏ̹wn iƷ a part of ſpe’ch mu̹ch-lýk a nᴏ̹wn,⁹⁰ 𝔈 vƷẹd in Shewịng o𝔯 Rehærc’ịng. Thér be’ xvi Pronᴏ̹wnz͑: t̜oo wit, I, thu̹, he’, ſhe’, it, this, thať, ſám, ſel𝔣, my o𝔯 mýn, thy o𝔯 thýn, hiƷ, hir, theiṛ, ou̹r, 𝔶ou̹ṛ: Too thæƷ may be’ adẹd whoo, which, (and that fo𝔯 which) relatiu’ζ be’fó𝔯 ſhewẹd in a nᴏ̹wn, with the declýnạtiu’ζ and compoſ̜ịtiu’ζ of thæƷ: aƷ, the ſel𝔣-ſám, my-ſel𝔣,⁹¹ I-my-ſel𝔣, mýn-owń-ſel𝔣, I-mýn-owń-ſel𝔣, and ſo of the ſecond perſń, 𝔈 in bóth thæƷ perſńƺ́the plural be’ịng, ou̹r 𝔈 𝔶ou̹ṛ, i̹ooynẹd, with ſelu’ζ: the th̹ird perſń compou̹ndịng rather with the p𝔯imitiu’ of the accuſ̜atiu’-cás than with the derýu’ạtiu’: aƷ, him-ſel𝔣, o𝔯 hiƷ-ſel𝔣, 𝔈c. aľ thæƷ compou̹ndẹd with, ſel𝔣, ſhewịng the perſń. Bu̹t, owń, compou̹ndẹd with poſſeſịu’: aƷ, mýn-owń, ſhewe̹th̹ the p𝔯opŕ poſſeſịon. When any P𝔯onᴏ̹wn ſhewe̹th̹ a th̹ing not ſpókń-of be’fó𝔯 it iƷ caľẹd a Demonſtratiu’:⁹² and rehærc’ịng a th̹ing ſpókń-of be’fó𝔯 iƷ caľẹd a Relatiu’, and declýnẹd aƷ folowe̹th̹. {G 2}

He’, ſhe’, it: aľſo, whoo, which, and that, relatiuζ, be’ declýned aƷ be’fó𝔯 in a nᴏ̹wn.

Al’ thæƷ, exc’ept, whoo, lak theiṛ g’enitiu’-p𝔯opŕịetary ſignifiẹd by theiṛ derýu’ẹd poſſeſịu’ζ: my and mýn derýu’ẹd of I: thy and thýn of thu̹: hiƷ, of he’, and of it: hir of ſhe’: theiṛ of they: ou̹r of we’: 𝔶ou̹ṛ of 𝔶e’, o𝔯 𝔶ou̹.

⁹⁴The Poſſeſịu’ζ be’fó𝔯 ſhe’wẹd be’ V̹n-declýned, 𝔶et may be’ ſayẹd t̜oo be’ gou’erńẹd in cás, g’ender, and nu̹mber by theiṛ ſu̹bſtantiu’-p𝔯opŕịetary: ſáu’ịng we’ ſay ſóm tým, hirz͑, theiṛz͑, ou̹rz͑, 𝔶ou̹ṛz͑, vƷẹd p𝔯opŕịetariḷy withou̹t any ſu̹bſtantiu’ exp𝔯eſṭ, aľſo mýn 𝔈 thýn lýkwýƷ: at ᴏ̹ther týmz͑, mýn, and thýn, a̜r vƷẹd ónḷy be’fó𝔯 a ſu̹bſtantiu’ be’ginịng with a v’ᴏ̹wel: aƷ mýn {n. p.} óſt, thýn yi: my, and mýn, ónḷy vƷẹd in the v’ocatiu’-cás.

Sel𝔣, and ſám, be’ v̹n-declýnẹd vƷẹd commu̹nḷy⁹⁶ with this articľ, The, vƷẹd aľſo ſóm tým be’fó𝔯 which, a relatiu’: ſel𝔣, hath̹ pluralḷy, ſelu’ζ, in compoſ̜ịt̹ion t̜oo ſhew the perſńƺ́aƷ iƷ afo𝔯-ſaiẹd.

A p𝔯onᴏ̹wn hath̹ Th̹𝔯e’ Perſńz͑. The firſt⁹⁷ Perſń ſpæke̹th̹ of him-ſel𝔣: aƷ, I, we’. The Second iƷ ſpókń-too: aƷ, thu̹, 𝔶e’, o𝔯 𝔶ou̹, and thær-fo𝔯 eu’ery v’ocatiu’-cás iƷ the ſecond perſń. The Th̹ird Perſń iƷ ſpókń-of: aƷ, he’, ſhe’, it, they, and thær-fo𝔯 aľ nᴏ̹wnƺ́and p𝔯onᴏ̹wnƺ́(be’ịng ſu̹bſtantiu’ζ) be’ of the th̹ird perſń: exc’ept, I, we’, thu̹, 𝔶e’, 𝔶ou̹, and eu’ery v’ocatiu’-cás. Adi̹ectiu’ζ⁹⁸ and partic’ipľƺ́ták theiṛ perſń, cás, g’ender, and nu̹mber, of theiṛ ſu̹bſtantiu’ζ. The relatiu’ζ⁹⁹, whoo, which, and that, tákịng theiṛ perſń, 𝔶e’ {n. p.} g’ender and nu̹mber aľſo, of theiṛ antec’edent: bu̹t rulẹd in cás by the v’erb, o𝔯 ᴏ̹ther wo𝔯d in the ſentenc’: ᴏ̹ther relatiu’ζ be’ịng rulẹd in cás aƷ a nᴏ̹wn-ſu̹bſtantiu’, o𝔯 gᴏ̹u’ernẹd of a ſu̹bſtantiu’.

¹⁰⁰A V’erb iƷ a part of ſpe’ch declýned with mood, tenc’, nu̹mber, and perſń.

It iƷ caľẹd a V’erb-Actiu’ when it ſignifie̹th̹ t̜oo doo: aƷ, I lᴏ̹u’, I tæch and hath̹ a Partic’ipľ of the Paſſiu’-v’oic derýuẹd of it: aƷ, lᴏ̹u’ẹd, ṭau̹ht: which Partic’ipľ be’ịng i̹ooinẹd with the v’erb-ſu̹bſtantiu’, t̜oo be’, táke̹th̹ hiƷ mood o𝔯 maner of ſu̹fferịng, and hiƷ tenc’ aľſo, of the v’erb-ſu̹bſtantiu’, and his cás, g’ender, nu̹mber, and perſń, of hiƷ rulịng ſu̹bſtantiu’: aƷ, I am lᴏ̹u’ẹd, be’ thu̹ lᴏ̹u’ẹd: O-that he’ w̜ær lᴏ̹u’ẹd: wou̹ld-God we’ h̜ad be’ṇ lᴏ̹u’ẹd: if they h̜au’ be’n̜ lᴏ̹u’ẹd: when we’ ſhaľ be’ lᴏ̹u’ẹd, 𝔈c. and hau’ịng no partic’ipľ-paſſiu’ iƷ caľẹd a v’erb-neu̹ter, whooƺ́partic’ipial iƷ i̹ooynẹd with the v’erb ſu̹bſtantiu’ in be’ịng ónḷy: aƷ, I be’ịng ru̹nṇ too the tᴏ̹wn, my father c̜ám hóm. Mó𝔯 iƷ ſayẹd of a partic’ipľ in the týtľ thær-of.

¹⁰¹T̜oo Hau’, may be’ caľẹd a V’erb-poſſeſịu’, and hiƷ compou̹nd, T̜oo Hau’-leu’er, a v’erb-choic’ạtiu’. Aľ ᴏ̹ther v’erbζ a̜r caľẹd V’erbζ-Neu̹terz͑-{n. p.}U̹n-perfect, bicau̹Ʒ they reqý𝔯 the Infinitiu’-mood of an ᴏ̹ther v’erb t̜oo exp𝔯es theiṛ ſignificat̹ion o𝔯 mænịng perfectḷy: and be’ thæƷ, may, can, miht o𝔯 mou̹ht, cou̹ld, wou̹ld, ſhou̹ld, mu̹ſt owht, and ſᴏ̹m tým, wil: ſhal’, be’ịng a me’r ſýn of the futùr tenc’.

Thér be’ Fýu’ Moodζ. The Indicatiu’,¹⁰² the Imparatiu’, the Optatiu’, the Su̹bi̹u̹nctiu’, and the Infinitiu’.

The Indicatiu’-mood ſhewe̹th̹ a ræƷń tru¹⁰³ o𝔯 fal’s: aƷ, I lᴏ̹u. O𝔯-elc’ aſke̹th̹ a qeſtion: aƷ, lᴏ̹u’e̹ſt thu̹?

The Imparatiu’ bide̹th̹ o𝔯 commańde̹th̹: aƷ, lᴏ̹u thu̹, lᴏ̹u 𝔶e’.¹⁰⁴

The Optatiu’, o𝔯 wiſhịng mood, wiſhe̹th̹ o𝔯¹⁰⁵ deƷýre̹th̹, and hath̹ aľ-way an adu’erb of wiſhịng i̹ooynẹd be’fó𝔯 hiƷ nominatiu’-cás: aƷ, p𝔯ay-God I lᴏ̹u’: I-p𝔯ay-God thu̹ lᴏ̹u’: God-grańt he’ lᴏ̹u’. Aľſo thæƷ, I wou̹ld, wou̹ld, wou̹ld-God, wou̹ld-too-God, O-that, and O-if, be adu’erbζ of wiſhịng ſhewịng the optatiu’-mood.

The Su̹bi̹u̹nctiu’-mood hath̹ eu’er-mó𝔯 a¹⁰⁶ coni̹u̹nct̹ion ſetṭ be’fó𝔯 hiƷ nominatiu’-cás, and depende̹th̹ v̹pon an ᴏ̹ther v’erb in the ſám ſentenc’ ether goịng be’fo𝔯 o𝔯 cᴏ̹mịng after it: aƷ, the maiſter wil be’ angŕị, if we’ be’ ýdľ: when we’ vƷ dilig’enc’ we’ lærń. {n. p.}

¹⁰⁷The Infinitiu’ hath̹ nether nu̹mber, no𝔯 perſń, no𝔯 nominatiu’-cás be’fó𝔯 it, and iƷ knowṇ́ commu̹nly by this ſýn o𝔯 p𝔯epoſ̜it̜ion, t̜oo, which, t̜oo, iƷ not exp𝔯eſṭ many týmƺ́when thér cᴏ̹me̹th̹ an accuſ̜atiu’-cás be’twe’n the Infinitu’-mood and the v’erb be’fó𝔯-goịng: aƷ, bid him cᴏ̹m hither: with ſᴏ̹m v’erbζ we’ vƷ a lýk ph𝔯ás̹ in the nominatiu’-cás: aƷ, 𝔶ou̹ ſay I am ýdľ: ¹⁰⁸That, be’ịng a Reſ̜olu’ọ𝔯 of the firſt, and v̹nderstandẹd in the laſt: aƷ, bid that he’ com hither: 𝔶ou̹ ſay that I am ýdľ. Nether d̜oo we’ vƷ, t̜oo, after a v’erb-neu̹ter-v̹n-perfect, exc’ept after, owht: aƷ, we’ owht t̜oo go thither.

¹⁰⁹Thér be’ th̹𝔯e’ Týmƺ́caľẹd Tenc’eζ.The tým that iƷ Nᴏ̹w, caľẹd the P𝔯eſ̜ent-Tenc’: aƷ, I lᴏ̹u’. The tým Paſṭ, caľẹd the P𝔯eter-Tenc’: aƷ, I lᴏ̹u’ẹd. The tým T̜oo Cᴏ̹m caľẹd the Futùr-Tenc’: aƷ, I ſhaľ o𝔯 wil lᴏ̹u’.

¹¹⁰Tým Paſṭ hath̹ th̹𝔯e’ Diu’iſ̜ionz͑. The firſt caľẹd the P𝔯eter-Tenc’: aƷ, I lᴏ̹u’ẹd, ſᴏ̹m tým hau’ịng the ſýn o𝔯 p𝔯epoſ̜it̜iō, d̜id o𝔯 didſt i̹ooinẹd with the ſimpľ: aƷ, I d̜id lᴏ̹u’, thu̹ didſt lᴏ̹u’. The ſecond, be’ịng perfectḷy paſṭ caľẹd the p𝔯eter-perfect-Tenc’, hau’ịng aľ-way the ſýn o𝔯 p𝔯epoſ̜it̜ion, h̜au’, h̜aſt, o𝔯 h̜ath, ſetṭ be’fó𝔯 it: aƷ I hau’ lᴏ̹u’ẹd, thu̹ h̜aſt lᴏ̹u’ẹd, he’ h̜ath lᴏ̹u’ẹd. The th̹ird be’ịng mó𝔯 than perfectḷy paſṭ hau’ịng {n. p.} aľ-way the ſýn o𝔯 p𝔯epoſ̜it̜ion h̜ad o𝔯 h̜adſt be’fó𝔯 it, and caľẹd the P𝔯eter-plu-perfect-Tenc’: aƷ I h̜ad lᴏ̹u’ẹd, thu̹ h̜adſt lᴏ̹u’ẹd, he’ h̜ad lᴏ̹u’ẹd. Thér iƷ aľſo a Dou̹t-fu̹l-p𝔯eter, and a¹¹¹ Dou̹t-fu̹l-Futùr-Tenc’ knowṇ́ by ſᴏ̹m adu’erb, o𝔯 wo𝔯dζ in the ſentenc’ ſhewịng the tým and aƷ may appe’r by the declýnịng of v’erbζ folowịng.

Thér be’ in effect bu̹t th̹𝔯e’ Coni̹u̹gat̹ionƺ́o𝔯¹¹² Declýnịngζ of Engliſh v’erbζ. The firſt iƷ of v’erbζ-actiu’, and v’erbζ-neu̹ter, The ſecond of the v’erb-ſu̹bſtantiu’. The th̹ird of neu̹terz͑-v̹n-perfect. The v’erbζ, T̜oo hau’, and T̜oo doo, hau’ theiṛ ſpec’ial declýnịngζ: aƷ appe’re̹th̹ folowịng.

V’erbζ of the firſt Coni̹ugat̹ion a̜r thu̹s declýnẹd.

Indicatiu’-mood preſ̜ent-tenc’ ſingular.

O𝔯 thu̹s,

{D1}

O𝔯 thu̹s,

The p𝔯eſ̜ent-tenc’ iƷ ſóm tým vƷẹd futùrḷy by ræƷń of ſᴏ̹m adu’erb o𝔯 ᴏ̹ther ſpe’ch in the ſentenc’ ſhewịng a tým t̜oo cᴏ̹m: aƷ, I rýd ten dayƺ́henc’, and my man come̹th̹ after me’.

Imparatiu’-mood¹¹⁶

L̜et, a v’erb-im-perſńạl gᴏ̹u’erńịng an accuſ̜atiu’-cás {n. p.} of the firſt o𝔯 th̹ird perſń, may be’ ſayḍ t̜oo hau’ an Imparatiu’-ſignificat̹ion: aƷ, l̜et me’ lᴏ̹u’, l̜et him lᴏ̹u’, 𝔈c.

Optatiu’-mood¹¹⁷