Grammatica anglicana, praecipue quatenus a latina differt, ad unicam P. Rami methodum concinnata. in qua perspicue docetur quicquid ad huius linguae cognitionem requiritur

Document TypeModernised
CodeGreaves
PrinterJohn Legate
Typeprint
Year1594
PlaceLondon
Other editions:
  • semi-diplomatic
  • translation

Grammatica anglicana, praecipue quatenus a latina differt, ad unicam P. Rami methodum concinnata. in qua perspicue docetur quicquid ad huius linguae cognitionem requiritur. Authore Paulo Greaves. Cantabrigiae, Ex Officina Iohannis Legate. Extant Londini ad insigne Solis in Coemiterio. D. Pauli. 1594. {n. p.}

 

Ad librum ipsum

A. C. Ogdoasticon.

 

Parve (nec obtrectent parvis qui magna requirunt)

Cur metuis vultus, verba, minasque virum.

Zoilus an moveas? genitor tuus arma ministrat.

Ingenio, studiis, arte, labore suo,

Sufficit (aut fallor) magis et elementibus illud,

Quod primo genitum, sis genitoris opus.

Ergo (quid obstat) abi. Vocesque, legentibus istas

Ingeminato, patris parcite primitiis.

 

Liber.

Laudatus abunde.
Non fastiditus si tibi lector ero.

 

 

 

 

{n. p.}

 

Lectori salutem

 

Non dubito quin vix conspecto titulo, hunc librum plane novitium, divinabis lector, cuius inscriptionis novitate ad legendum etiam facilius invitari poteris. Sed ut expectationi aliqua ex parte prius satis fiat, quam librum quantumvis brevi et succincta methodo conscriptum, penitius examines, causas (si placeat) aperiam, quibus impulsus, ad huius tantuli argumenti leviusculam, vereor ne verius horridiusculam tractationem accessi, quas cum intellexeris, non diffido quin hanc meam lucubratriunculam sis candido animo accepturus. 

Quanti nominis, haec Anglicana regio, inter caeteros inferioris huius mundi tractus, semper fuit, hodieque est, nemini potest esse obscurum: cum hoc vetustissimi annalium codices {A2} referant, illustrium virorum elogia concelebrent; doctissimorum hominum scripta confirment; exteri non sine admiratione contestentur. Ut non sit dubium, quin universi splendoris gloria, famaeque celebritate, cum summis, et potentissimis orbis terrarum imperiis, facile conferri possit. Caeterum inter tot divina munera φανερὰ divina φιλίαϛ τεκμήρια quibus ita undique cincti et circumsepti sumus, ut merito nobis invideant, et admirentur omnes, et inter infinita paene naturae beneficia, quae tam multo et amico imbri in nos hactenus effuderit, ut ne quicquam, aut ad necessitatem utilius, aut ad voluptatem iucundius amplius desiderari possit: unico sermonis ornamento parce nimis, et tenuiter donati videamur: ac si in reliquis mater, maternae tam benegnitatis oblita, in novercam primo degenerasset. At credo magis (nam quidvis quam hoc) prudens ideo volensque deliquit, ut quemadmodum mulierculae delicatulae, et mimicae, in amictu corporis, quaedam neglecta, aut non aeque saltem omnia elaborata, ad maiorem corporis venustatem, totiusque habitus splendorem relinquunt, sic nave huius defectusque collatione, reliqua sua ornamenta {n. p.} veluti in contraria luce posita, candidiora multo et splendidiora redderet. Non enim cum Graecis hominibus, aut Latinis, sermonis puritate, et elegantia contendimus, qui huius facultatis laude, ut nobis, sic reliquis omnibus nationibus iure sese praelatos iactitant. At Gallis, Italis, Germanis, Hispanis, caeterisque gentibus, quibus natura non tam aequa arrisit, ne tantillum quidem de nostro iure concedendum puto. Si Gallus verborum facilitatem, et mimicam prolationis elegantiam requirat, ipsas suaviorum deas mulierculas et puellulas nostrae regionis aures animosque hominum, ipsa Sirenum suavitate permulcentes consulturus eat. Si Italus suam in verbis gravitatem, et modestiam iactet, non linguam solum, sed ipsum ortum, et genus ab illis, nos traxisse glorietur, qui usque ad hodiernum diem, ut corporum habitu, et moribus, nihil paene discrepantes, sic linguae sono illis persimiles habemur. Si Germanus vim verborum et vehementiam obiiciat, quid quaeso non persuadeat Anglus, cuius singula verba tot fere argumenta. Quid dicam plura? Nisi nostram solam ex tot linguis perfectam, et quod in unoquoque genere optimum, illud sibi delibasse. Testes sunt {A3} tot egregis et illustres scriptores, qui ad aeternam posteritatis memoriam, hanc linguam suis studiis excoluere, ut nihil ad eius foelicitatem maius potuisset accedere, nihilominus vix unus ex tot millibus, (quod dictu mirabile est) unquam extitit, qui tantum linguae puritatem exercuit, quantum omnes eloquentiam, et rhetoricam facultatem: ut dicere magis quam loqui, et rhetoricae prius quam Grammaticae, operam dedisse existimentur. Experientia docet, plerosque haud mediocri eruditione praeditos, natione Anglos, cum in aliis linguis accurate omnia dictitant, modernae huius et nativae scriptione, turpiter omnino hallucinatos esse; taceo nomina, vitia dum reprehendo. Huiusmodi locutiones passim in usu sunt. More better, such works was finished. He spake it to she. Whose fountains is dried up. Non mirum si vulgus barbare omnino loquatur, cum qui docti, et sunt, et habentur, tam inscite, et impure scribunt. Quid dicam quantis hinc molestiarum undique procellis, puerorum ingeniola contorquentur. Qui enim peregrinis literis initiandis, de singularum vocum variis flexionibus, aut coniunctarum syntactica {n. p.} convenientia, et rectione constabit prius, quam lingua sua vernacula, proprioque idiomate, haec quomodo cohaereant, quid quibusque respondeat, cognitum habeant et exploratum, cui tamen morbo, si illi literarum magistri, et doctores, qui per se meliora excogitare nolunt, aut nequeunt, his nostris inventis occurrere voluerint, haud inutilem meo iudicio navabunt operam. Quid autem hinc exteri, in quorum praecipue gratiam, haec primum chartarum schedulis credidi, consequunturi sint commodi, non dubito quin libenter, gratisque animis agnoscent. Nec illud solum sed praeclusum sibi ad celeberrimae huius linguae perceptionem, tot saeculis aditum, mea unius opera reclusum iam tandem, et reseratum serio triumphabunt. Nec tamen is sum qui quis sim nesciam, aut cui haec adeo pulchra videntur, omnibusque suis numeris absoluta, ut quibus nihil addi commode aut detrahi etiam fortasse putem, quin hoc ipso potius nomine, vel maxime imperfecta, quod iam primo inventa sint, tantumque abest, ut ad retardandos aliorum conatus hic noster labor institutus sit, ut ad acuendam potius eorum diligentiam primo susceptus videatur, ut qui possint, velint, qui velint, {A4} me suasore pergant, ad polienda ac perficienda eaque a me, crassa (quod aiunt) Minerva, et indignante Mercurio primo inchoata fuerint. Interim quid praestare conatus sum, ingenuus et honesti laboris aequus aestimator facile intelliges lector, studiumque meum qualecumque id sit probabis non dubito, et me de bonis literis bene mereri sedulo operam dare testaberis omnino mihi persuadeo. Bene vale oct. Cal. Iun. Anno humanae salutis. 1594.

Tibi in Christo

devinctissimus,

P. Gr. {n. p.}

 

Grammatica Anglicana praecipue quatenus a latina differt.

 

Cap. 1.

 

De litera.

 

Vocales quinque, a, e, i, o, u. Nam y earum numero prorsus expungendum puto.

Consonae sunt Semivocales, vel Mutae. Semivocales sunt l, m, n, r, s, x, z.

Mutae, b, c, d, f, g, k, p, q, t: fiunt etiam i, et u, consonae, quoties sibi vel aliis vocalibus, in eadem syllaba praeponuntur, scribuntur autem sic, j, v, ut object, invention. In numerum consonantium y etiam ascisci debet, at praefixum vocali, eique coniunctum, ut yet, yonder. {n. p.}

V quoque geminatum parit consonantem, ut wit.

H nihil habet literae, praeter figuram, est tantum index aspirationis literis ad latus appositae, ut thing.

Omnibus vocalibus praeest, ut have, help, hind, hog, hurt.

Subest vero consonantibus sex, c, g, p, t, w, s, ut chalk, ghost, philosophy, shadow, thief, what.

E mutis c, et t, valorem et sonum saepius aliarum consonantium exhibent, quod fit diversae dispositionis ratione cum vocalibus.

C autem duplex est convenientia, cum k, aut s.

Cum k, quando praecedit a, u, o, immediate, ut call, custom, college, mediate, ut crab, club, clock. Aut i vel e mediante consona, ut crime, clemency. Denique cuiusque syllabae ultima, ut accord.

Profertur vero ut s, subsequente e, vel i immediate, in eadem syllaba, ut censure, city. {n. p.}

Distinctum autem ab utrisque sonum vendicat, cum aspiratur, ut child, such, ob id credo, quod K aspirationis capax non est.

T autem sonat ut c quoties syllaba etiam sequens incipit a vocali, ut condition, excipe quando praeit x, s, aut mediat h, ut mixtion, bustian, filthiest.

F consonae v affine est.

G litera, eodem proferenda est sono, quo apud latinos in Gallus, ut garter, give, gulf, again, excipias gibbet, gibe, giblets, giant, gillie, ginger, ubi effertur ut g in gilvus. Item praepositum immediate i in medio, ut urging, et e, ubique, ut gentle, changed: praeterquam in geese, gear, geld, guess, get, quae dato praecepto omnimodo quadrant.

N ante g medium quiddam sonat inter n et g, ut anger.

P aspiratum valet f, ut physic.

Perperam profertur S pro z, ut az, iz, wize, pro as, is, wise. {n. p.}

Literarum characteres sunt numero 26, qui vulgari alphabeto ad hunc modum ordinantur.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. v. u. w. x. y. z.

 

Cap. 2.

 

De syllaba.

 

Syllaba est, qua sonus integer comprehenditur.

Estque literae unius aut plurium.

Unius, ut vocalis quaelibet.

Plurium, quando plures literae simul congregantur.

Estque aut vocalium tantum, aut vocalium et consonantium.

Vocalium coniunctio, diphthongus appellatur.

Est autem diphthongus, vocalium durarum, vel plurium coniunctio.

Duarum, est eiusdem, vel diversarum.

Eiusdem vocalis duplicatio est aut ee, {n. p.} ut sleep, vel oo, ut book.

Diversarum, ut ai faith au, authority, ea ut reason, ei ut receive, eo ut people, oa ut oar, oi ut void, ou ut ould [old].

Plurium, ubi plures duabus conveniunt vocales, ut eau, beauty.

Vocalium et consonantium, ubi promiscue coniunguntur vocales cum consonis, ut crime.

Syllaba plurium, quam septem literarum capax non est, ut knottes [knotts].

Et vocales ultra duas, aut vocalem, et diphthongum non recipit.

Non plures quam tres consonae antecedere vocalem, nec nisi tres consequi possint.

Nulla syllaba plures duabus mutis, aut semivocalibus, iuxta se positas habet.

In principio duae mutae nusquam concurrunt, et semivocales tantum, sl, sm, sn, ut slay, smoke, snake. Nam altera semivocalis, altera semper {n. p.} muta est. ut sc, scarce; sp, spice; st, stick; bl, black; cl, clark; fl, flint; gl, glove; pl, place; gn, gnat; kn, knave; br, bread; cr, cream; dr, dream; fr, frog; gr, grave; pr, practise; tr, trencher; et sw, swan.

In medio, et fine, quaelibet cuilibet coniungi potest, at q semper praecedit consonam v [u], ut quake.

 

Cap. 3.

 

De substantivo.

 

Vox numeri est nomen aut verbum. Nomen est substantivum, aut adiectivum.

Substantivum pluralem flectit, a singulari in s, ut singul. horse, plur. horses. Ad commodius vero pronunciandum interdum interponimus e, ut branch, branches.

Anomalia vero multiplex est. ut man, {n. p.} men; goose, geese; cow, kine [cows]; ox, oxen; child, children; tooth, teeth; foot, feet; brother, brethren; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Huc vertentia f in v, ut staff, staves [staffs]; beef, beeves; life, lives; sheaf, sheaves; thief, thieves; wife, wives; knife, knives.

Infinita numero, news, deer, hose, sheep, swine, people.

Carentia altero. Singulari.

Affairs, barbes, cates, bowels.

Potage, ashes, shambles.

Furmenty, dregs, bellows.

Dainties, scissors, entrals.

Shear, tongs.

Plurali. Primo finita in -ness, ut godliness, goodness.

2. In -lity, ut agility, facility.

3. In -dice, ut cowardice.

4. Nomina artium, ut logic, rhetoric.

5. Liquidorum, ut cider, milk; at waters, et wines legimus. {n. p.}

6. Mineralium, ut brass, copper.

7. Herbarum, ut parsley, sage.

8. Frumentorum, ut barley, wheat, at oat, bean, fitch, retinent pluralem.

9. Aromarum, ut sugar, pepper, at nutmeg, fig, raisin, almond, gaudent plurali.

10. Regionum, ut France, England.

11. Fluviorum, ut Tweed, Humber.

12. Mensium, ut January, February.

13. Hominum, ut Christopher, Margaret.

Addas insuper.

Apparel, bacon, balm, brain, bread, chaff, glass.

Bombast, butter, canvas, chalk, civet, grass.

Clay, cockle, darnel, dirt, draff, dross, dung, muck.

Phlegm, flesh, fodder, food, forage, froth, hay, luck.

Dust, wool, garlic, hell, glue, leather, grease, flax. {n. p.}

Hemp, lard, line, mortar, lucre, suet, wax.

Mud, marl, mirth, mustard, paradise, plate, lime.

Saffron, soot, tallow, tar, pitch, tinder, slime.

Tow, wood, corn, timber.

Faecundissimus hic omnium adiectivorum ortus est, in -less, cuius substantivique connexu fiunt, ut faithless, toothless, wifeless, horseless, id est, without faith, teeth, wife, horse.

 

Cap. 4.

 

De adiectivo.

 

In adiectivis distinctio numeri nulla est, nisi gratia substantivi singularis, aut pluralis, dicantur singularia, aut pluralia, ut sweet apple, sweet apples, at {B1} sing. much, every, et poetice ech [each] plur. many, all,

Sundry et both sunt tantum pluralia.

Plerisque adiectivis accidit comparatio.

Comparatio fit dupliciter, aut postponendo syllabam, aut praeponendo vocem.

Syllabae sunt er, et est.

Er adiectum absoluto, dat comparatum, est superlativum, ut sweet, sweeter, sweetest, at, old, older, vel elder, oldest, vel eldest.

Secunda comparatio fit praepositione vocis, voces sunt more, et most.

More absoluto prefixum, facit gradum comparativum.

Most vero superlativum, Ut fair, more fair, most fair.

Ad eundem modum comparantur adverbia in -ly, ab adiectivis deducta, {n. p.} ut honestly, more honestly, most honestly.

Comparationis anomaliam habent sequentia. Good, better, best. evil, vel ill, worser, worst. Sing. much, more. Plur. Many, more, most. Little, lesser, lest.

Utimur autem plerumque worse, et less, pro comparativis worser, et lesser.

Item adverbia ab his enata, eandem comparationem admittunt, at pro good, et evil, adverbialiter ponimus well, et evilly.

Ex adiectivis fiunt substantiva qualitatis, appositione syllabae -ness, ut good, goodness. Et adverbia adiecta -ly, ut honest, honestly. At in adverbiis adiectivorum in -ly, ultima raro iteratur, ut daily, godly, non dailily, godlily.

Adiectivis annumerantur etiam articulus {B2} the, apud Italos, il, lo, vel la, apud, Gallos le, vel la, et voces numerales, cardinalium numerorum nomina, supra monadem sunt pluralia.

Eaque sunt simplicium, decadum, coniunctorum.

Simplicium nomina sunt one, two, vel twain, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine.

Decadum: ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, hundred, thousand, million.

Coniunctorum sunt eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen.

Ordinalium nomina singularia sunt.

Simplicium, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth.

Decadum; tenth, twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, {n. p.} eightieth, ninetieth, hundredth, thousandth.

Coniunctorum: eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth.

 

Cap. 5.

 

De pronomine.

 

Pronomina hic quoque anomala quaedam sunt, in quibus non solum numeri, sed casus distinguuntur.

Pronomina primitiva sunt, aut derivativa.

Primitiva sunt demonstrativa, aut relativa.

Demonstrativa sunt I, thou, he, she: this, that.

Relativa: who, which, what, {B3} whose.

Derivativa: my, mine; thy, thine; his, her, hers; our, ours; your, yours; their, theirs.

Demonstrativa, Sing. Rect. I, Obl. me, Plur. Rect. we, Obl. us.

Sing. Rect. thou, Obl. thee, Plur. you, vel ye.

Sing. Rect. he, vel she, Obl. him, her, Plur. they, them.

Sing. this.

Plur. these.

Sing. that.

Plur. those.

Relat. Sing. Rect. who, Obl. whom, Plur. itidem.

Which, autem, what, et whose non variant, ut nec derivativa, quia ut natura sunt prononima adiectiva, sic eorum formam per omnia sequuntur.

Horum autem quatuor: I, thou, he, she, substantiva censentur, reliqua vero {n. p.} pro adiectivis habenda sunt.

 

Cap. 6.

 

De verbo.

 

Verborum est vox numeri cum tempore, et persona.

Formatio temporum unica hic est, et simplex.

In omni tempore pluralis idem est, cum prima persona singulari, preterquam in flexione verbi am.

Contractionibus fere utimur in carmine.

Praesens. 1. Hate. 2. Hatest. 3. Hateth. Plur. Hate, Hate, etc.

Contract 2. Hates, 3. Hates.

Secunda et tertia persona, formantur a themate, adiectione -st, et -th. {B4}

In forma contracta, voces tantum duae distinctae sunt, et contractionis grava semper parisyllabae, ubi secunda et tertia fiunt a prima additione -s.

Circumloquimur hoc praesens, plerumque per praesens verbi do, et praesens infinitivum, ut I do love, thou dost love, etc.

Huius praesentis anomala sunt sequentia haec, have, hast, hath. Pl. have, have, etc.

Am, art, is; Pl. are, are, etc. vel be, etiam aliquando in singulari will, shall, may, can, must, neque numerum aut personam variant, nisi forte in secunda persona singulari, wilt, shalt, mayst, canst.

Must, vero hoc solo tempore contentum videtur nec possunt haec explicari per periphrasin.

Praeteritum primum. 1. hated. 2. hatest. 3. hated. Pl. hated, ed, ed. Hoc tempus fit a themate addendo -d, si modo in {n. p.} vocalem exeat, vel -ed, si in consonam.

Secunda persona quando differt a reliquis, formatur a prima, accessione -st.

Crasis est penultimae et ultimae syllabae, in unam contractio quod fit dupliciter, primo eiiciendo -e, ex ultima, cuius illustre illud exemplum est.

 

Not Philip’s son, who all the world subdu’d,

Achilles ne, in Hector’s blood imbru’d:

Nor Hercules who monsters fiercely tam’d,

And of the earth the terror great was nam’d.

Not all the worthiest out which ever liv’d,

With this our peer, were worthy be compar’d.

 

Secundo reiciendo in ultimum, ut

 

As for the nightingale wood music’s king:
It August was she daynde [deigned] not then to sing.
{n. p.}

 

Quorundam vero verborum contractio diversa est, non solum excidendo -e, sed et -d, commutando in -t, haud aliter quam Graeci plerumque solent, et ultimam diphthongi in penultima vocalem (si sit) tollendo, ut whipped, whipt; stripped, stript; dipped, dipt; fixed, fixt; wished, wisht.

At in sequentibus, weep, sweep, keep, leap, creep, steep, feel, meet, weet, lose, beat, shoot. Et in illis, quae praeter simplicem et contractam formam habent anomalam (ut a themate, smite, simplex forma praeteriti, smited; contracta, smit; anomal. smote. Sic bite, bited, bit, boote et write, writed, writ, wrote) Hanc contractionem longe frequentiori usu habemus quam simplicem, aut anomalam, et anomalam quam simplicem.

Simpliciter anomala sunt, quae non formant praeteritum, iuxta regulam analogorum: ut sit, sat; slay, slew; catch, {n. p.} caught; go, went; grow, grew; bid, bade; run, ran; throw, threw; begin, began; see, saw; give, gave; shine, shone; make, made; take, took; bring, brought; lead, led; read, read; feed, fed; come, came; leave, left; think, thought; fall, fell; draw, drew; shake, shook; hide, hid; teach, taught; know, knew; blow, blew; bind, bound; find, found; abide, abode; fight, fought; buy, bought; sell, sold; stand, stood; seek, sought; tell, told; work, wrought; hold, held; spread, spred; breed, bred; bleed, bled; eat, ate; rise, rose; owe, ought; have, had; do, did; am, was et plur. etiam aliquando in singulari, were.

Duplicem anomaliam habent haec: get, gat et got; drink, drank et dronk; steal, stale et stole; sink, sank et sonk; shrink, shrank et shronk; chide chid et chod; spin, span et spun; strive, strave et strove; {n. p.} wink, wank et wonk; speak, spake et spoke; tear, tare et tore; shear, share et shore; bear, bare et bore; wear, ware et wore; tread, trade et trode; spring, sprang et sprong; ring, rang et rong; stick, stack et stuck; sting, stang et stung; break, brake et broke; drive, drave et drove; swim, swam et swom; climb, clim et clome; ride, rid et rode; slide, slid et slode; sing, sang et song; stride, strid et strode; fly, flew et flow; win, wan et won: at horum praeteritum non est diversum a themate, set, put, shut, cast, cut, hurt, hit, spend, lend, rend, bend, send, nisi quod haec ultima convertunt -d, thematis in -t.

Detectiva sunt, can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; quia carent reliquis a praesenti, et praeterito infecto temporibus.

Circumscribi vero potest hoc tempus in omnibus verbis, per did praeteritum infectum, a do: et infinitum praesens {n. p.} praeterquam in anomalis: am, have, do et defectivis praefixis.

De praeterito secundo.

Secundum praeteritum per periphrasin loquimur participii praeteriti, et praesentis verbi have, ut I have hated, thou hast hated, he hath hated; plur. we have hated, ye have hated, they have hated.

De tertio praeterito.

Tertium praeteritum per idem participium, et imperfectum verbi have interpretamur, ut

I had hated, thou hadst hated, he had hated, plur. We had hated, ye had hated, etc.

De futuro primo.

Futurum primum idem est cum themate, postposita persona expressa, aut intellecta, ut hate thou, hate he. plur. hate we, hate ye, hate they.

De futuro secundo.

Futurum secundum circumscribitur syntaxi infiniti et praesentis verbi will vel shall: ut {n. p.} I shall vel will hate, thou shalt vel wilt hate, he shall vel will hate. Plur. we shall vel will hate etc.

De infinito.

Praesens idem quod thema, ut to hate, at am dat be.

Praeteritum secundum constat ex voce have et participii perfecto, ut to have hated.

Perfectum tertium ex infecto praeterito had, et eodem participio, ut to had hated.

De participio.

Praesens participium fit a themate apposito -ing, ut

hate, hating.

Participium perfectum idem cum imperfecto, et in sing, ring, spring, swing, swim, climb, win, sting, idem est cum imperfecto eorum anomalo secundo.

In tribus vero secundae contractionis, formatur participium hoc, a voce contracta, {n. p.} et literat -n, ut bit, bitten: smit, smitten: writ, written. Sic orta a praesenti, ut sit, sitten; sley, slain; grow, grown; bid, bidden; chide, chidden; shake, shaken; strive, striven; lie, lain; throw, thrown; begin, begun; see, seen; give, given; take, taken; fall, fallen; draw, drawn; hide, hidden; know, known; blow, blown; abide, abidden; rise, risen; do, done; drive, driven; eat, eaten; at come, come; et run, run.

Sequentia autem haec, ab imperfecto anomalo secundo nascuntur, ut got, gotten; spoke, spoken; drunk, drunken; broke, broken; trode, troden; wonke, wonken; sunk, sunken; shrunk, shrunken; stole, stolen; swore, sworne; tore, torn; shore, shorn; bore, borne; wore, worn; rid, ridden; stuck, stucken; slide, slidden; flow, flown et mow, mown; sow, sown. {n. p.} Am facit in participio praeterito, been.

Ut participia sic alia multa nomina ducuntur a verbis. A themate procedunt duo genera, quorum prius nihil ab eo discrepat, ut hate, et verbum est, substantivum, eiusdem significationis, sic fear verbum ut timeo, substantivum ut timor, item love, help, drink, et alia pleraque.

Alterum eorum est quae fiunt a themate, adnexu literae -r, referunque actorem sensus cognati, ut a love, lover; help, helper; write, writer. Imo, ex omni omnino themate. huiusmodi fiunt verbalia, exceptis defectis, et anomalo, am.

De verbo passivo.

Passiva verba, ut etiam Gallica, Italica, Hispanica, nullam certam flexionem admittunt, sed qualiscunque sit, constat ex perfecto participio et verbo. Am idque per omnia tempora, et personas, ut presens.

I am hated, thou art hated, he is hated. {n. p.} Plur. we are hated, ye are hated, they are etc.

Perfectum primum: I was hated, thou wast hated, he was hated. Pl. we were hated, ye were hated, they were hated.

Perfectum secundum: I have been hated, thou hast been hated, he hath been hated. Plur. we have been hated, ye have been hated, they have been hated.

Perfectum tertium: I had been hated, thou hadst been hated, he had been hated. Plur. We had been hated, ye had been hated, they had been hated.

Futurum primum: be thou hated, be he hated. Plur. be we hated, be ye hated, be they hated.

Futurum secundum: I shall vel will be hated, thou shalt vel wilt be hated, he shall vel will be hated. Plur. we shall vel will be hated, ye shall vel will be hated, they shall vel will be hated.

Infiniti praesens: To be hated. {C1}

Perfectum, to have been hated.

Plusquam perfectum, to had been hated.

Impersonalia fiunt a tertiis personis singularibus personalium praeponendo -it, ut it be seemeth, it is said.

 

Cap. 7.

 

De adverbio.

 

Adverbium est quod aliis vocibus adiicitur, ut well done.

Adverbia qualitatis ab adiectivis deducta in -ly, plurima sunt, ut purely, soberly, nam quot fere adiectiva, tot adverbia in -ly.

Adverbia nativa sunt, straight, soon, now, scarce, vel scarcely, so, yes, no, not, much, rather, where, whether, when, here, hither, oft, often, well, then, never, within, together, almost, as, hence, whence, always, ever, evermore, how, up, down, already, yet, yonder, still, {n. p.} seldom, little, enough, otherwise, except: et consimilia.

Huc referuntur etiam quae vulgo praepositiones appellantur, ut of, to, vel unto, from vel fro, before, against, at, about, without, between, beneath, besides, behind, by, through, nigh, after, beyond, until, with, towards, in, on, upon, under, aloft, above, et huiusmodi.

Huc etiam interiectiones, ut alas, alack, oh, woe.

 

Cap. 8.

 

De coniunctione.

 

Copulativa: ut and, also, neither, nor.

Connexiva: ut if, unless, except, else.

Discretiva: ut but, notwithstanding, {C2} nevertheless, although, besides.

Disjunctiva: ut either, or, whether, otherwise.

Causalis: ut for, because, that.

Rationalis: ut therefore, wherefore.

 

Etymologiae finis. {n. p.}

 

Cap. 1.

 

De syntaxi.

 

Hactenus Etymologiae explicatio fuit. Syntaxis sequitur. Syntaxis est pars grammaticae quae vocum in oratione structuram considerat.

De Apostropho.

Apostrophus est nota elisae ultimae vocalis, sequente interim a vocali exorsa, non tamen id semper, quia nonnisi in carmine, nec frequenter, sed quoties alias nimipedon esset, Index Apostrophi est huiusmodi apex ’ ut

What be the joys, for which t’enjoy,
they went to the pains? Echo. Pains? {C3}

 

Cap. 2.

 

De syntaxi nominis.

 

Adiectivum substantivum in oratione praecurrit, ut,

A yoked swine is a terrible beast. Hic yoked, et terrible praecedunt swine, et beast. At

contra fit nonnunquam in carmine, ut,

He bought a knife, a stone, a horn,

for shoe-horn had he none:

nor penknife good, or whetstone smooth

to grind his knife thereon.

Hic good sequitur penknife, et smooth whetstone. Caeterum in praedicatione qualitatis, de subiecto, ut res ratione, sic voces oratione disponi possunt, ut,

This knife is sharp.

In adiectivis haud obscura distincto est, {n. p.} inter one, et a: eaque multiplex.

Prima quod one unitatem certius denotat, magisque emphatice afferit, ut

one day doth store grief enough for the morrow.

Secunda est, quod One substantive saepius ponitur. A non item, ut one, two, three, four, five; non a, two, three, four, five.

Then straight one fetched the prisoner behung with robes about.

Non autem, then straight a fetched the prisoner, etc. Nisi man, vel aliud aliquod substantivum exprimas.

An pro a, sequente vocali utimur, ut an ox, an ass.

Distinctio inter none, et no, haec est, quod none elypsin semper substantivi patitur, ut

For no man dreads but he that cannot shift. {C4}
And none serves God but only tongue-tied men.

All, quamvis sit natura numeri pluralis, servire tamen videmus et singularibus, primo quae plurali carent, ut,

All flesh is grass.

Secundo integris, interveniente pronomine derivativo, aut adiectivo the, vel a et an, ut all this day, all their light, all my strength, all the time, all an apple, all a book.

Tertio sumpto collective, ut Gascoigne in Querela Philomelae.

All ill that may be thought,
All mischief under skies
Was piety compared to that
Which Tereus did devise.

Many etiam subiecto singulari gaudet, intercedente a vel an, ut

Full many a wound is given

Between them twain, with leaden lomps.

And many a stroke in vain: {n. p.}

And on their ribs full thick it thomps.

 

Cap. 3.

 

De pronominum syntaxi.

 

Pronomina adiectiva in syntaxi varie usurpantur, sex namque haec, my, thy, her, our, your, their, semper in eadem orationis parte, cum substantivo reperiuntur, at mine, thine, hers, ours, yours, theirs, et interrogativum who, superioribus, hoc uno distentiunt, quod semper substantive ponuntur, aut saltem a substantivo in oratione separantur.

Reliqua vero, ut who relativum, which, what, whose, this, that, omnimodo possunt explicari.

Sciendum est praeterea; quod haec pronominal my, thy, his, her, our, your, their, componuntur nonnunquam cum affixo nomine, -self, ut myself, thyself, {n. p.} his self, herself, ourselves, yourselves, their selves. et loquendi consuetudine, magis quam veritate rei dacti, dicimus himself et themselves, usurpantur autem fere post sua primitiva, ut I myself, thou thyself, he himself, et haec loquutia magis emphatica est, quam si nude diceres I, thou, he, etc.

 

Cap. 4.

 

De syntaxi adverbii, cum nomine.

Haec tria, of, to, from, vel fro, casuum quasi discrimina faciunt, of servit genitivo, to dativo, et pro maiori emphasi utimur unto, from vel fro ablativo, ut regis regum, of a king, of kings; regi regibus, to a king, to kings; rege regibus, from a king, vel from kings. Utimur etiam pro latinis adverbiis, ad, de, ut ad regem, de rege, a rege, to a king, of a king, from a king.

To etiam infinitivis preponitur, ut to {n. p.} fear, to be feared.

 

Cap. 5.

 

De syntaxi coniunctionis, cum verbo.

 

Be in presenti raro utimur, et fere semper post coniunctionem that, expressam, aut intellectam, ut

If that perfect constancy be the child of chance, let wisdom be counted the root of wickedness.

Huiusmodi vero loquutiones non videntur praecepto quadrare, ut suppose all men be honest, imagine pleasure be a companion of virtue. Veritas tamen semper et ubique eadem est, nam in his et huiusmodi exemplis elipsis est coniunctionis that, aut praepositionis to, si that, tunc be est praesentis iuxta regulam, si to, tum infiniti, et sic explenda est oratio. suppose that all men be honest, imagine that pleasure be a companion of virtue. Alias Suppose all men be honest, and pleasure to be a companion of virtue. {n. p.} Nam inerti, at vulgari solaecismo laborat haec oratio, I be negligent, thou be honest.

Idem de were imperfecto singulari, verbi am, dicendum est.

Atque haec sunt quae mihi iam olim de hisce rebus cogitanti, imprimis observanda occurrere, in quibus si quid est, quo tenella mea, seu nulla potius facultatula tibi usui esse potest, ex animo gaudeo. Sin, quod vereor magis, haec nostra ad stomachum non faciunt, quid et ipse in hoc genere poteris periculum facito.

 

Finis.

 

Vive, vale, si quid novisti rectius istis.
Candidus imperti, si non, his utere mecum.
{n. p.}

 

Dictionariolum vocum Anglicarum, quae passim in libello occurrunt.

 

 

A

 

to

abide

moror

 

about

circum

 

above

supra

to

accord

consentio

 

affairs

negotia

 

after

post

 

agility

agilitas

 

against

contra

 

alack

ah

 

alas

hei

 

almond

amygdalum

 

almost

pene

 

aloft

superne

 

already

iamdudum

 

also

etiam

 

although

licet

 

always

semper

 

am

sum {n. p.}

 

and

et

 

apparel

vestitus

 

apple

pomuna

 

as

sicut

 

ass

asinus

 

at

apud

 

authority

aucthoritas

 

B

 

 

bacon

lardum

 

balm

balsamum

 

barbes

phalerae

 

barley

hordeum

 

bean

faba

to

bear

fero

 

beast

brutum

to

beat

verbero

 

beauty

pulchritudo

 

because

quoniam

 

before

ante

 

behind

pone

 

bellows

folles

to

bend

flecto

 

beneath

infra {n. p.}

 

beseemeth

decet

 

besides

praeter

 

between

inter

 

beyond

ultra

to

bid

iubeo

to

bind

ligo

to

bite

mordeo

 

black

niger

to

bleed

anguino

 

blood

sanguis

to

blow

flo

 

book

liber

 

bowels

viscera

 

branch

ramus

 

bran

furfur

 

brass

aes

 

bread

panis

to

break

frango

to

breed

genero

to

bring

duco

 

brother

frater

 

bombast

pillium

 

but

at {n. p.}

 

butter

butirum

to

buy

emo

 

by

per

 

C

 

 

cage

cavea

to

call

voco

to

can

possum

 

canvas

cannabum

to

cast

iacio

 

cates

obsonia

 

censure

censura

 

chaff

palea

 

chalk

creta

to

chide

iurgio

 

child

puer

 

Christopher

christopherus

 

clark

clericus

 

clay

lutum

 

clemency

clementia

to

climb

scando

 

clock

horrologium

 

club

clava

 

cider

sicera {n. p.}

 

city

urbs

 

civet

zibethum

 

cockle

zizania

to

come

venio

 

companion

comes

 

condition

conditio

 

copper

orichalcum

 

corn

frumentum

 

cow

vacca

 

cowardice

pusillaminitas

 

crab

arbutum

to

creep

serpo

 

crest

crista

 

crime

culpa

 

custom

consuetudo

to

cut

seco

 

D

 

 

darnel

lolium

 

day

dies

 

daily

quotidie

 

dainties

delitiae

 

deer

fera

to

devise

excogito {D1}

to

dip

tingo

 

dirt

caenum

to

do

ago

 

doleful

tristis

 

dong

fimus

 

draff

segisterium

 

dream

somnium

to

drink

bibo

to

drive

pello

 

dross

scoria

 

dust

puluis

to

dwell

habito

 

E

 

 

earth

terra

 

eight

octo

 

eighth

octavus

 

eighteen

octodecem

 

eighteenth

decimus oct.

 

eighty

octoginta

 

eightieth

octogessimus

 

eleven

undecem

 

eleventh

undecimus

 

else

praeterea {n. p.}

to

embrew

tingo

 

enough

satis

 

entrails

vide bowels

 

ever

unquam

 

evermore

perpetuo

 

evil

malus

 

evilly

male

 

except

nisi

 

F

 

 

facility

facilitas

 

fair

pulcher

 

faith

fides

 

February

februarius

to

feed

pasco

to

feel

tracto

to

fetch

affero

 

fiercely

ferociter

 

fig

ficus

to

fight

pugno

to

find

reperio

 

first

primus

 

fitch

vicia

 

five

quinque {D2}

to

fix

figo

 

flax

linum

 

flesh

caro

 

flint

silex

to

fly

volo

 

fodder

pabulum

 

food

alimentum

 

for

pro

 

forage

vide fodder

 

forty

quadraginta

 

fortieth

quadragesimus

 

four

quatuor

 

fourth

quartus

 

fourteen

quatuordecem

 

fourteenth

decimusquartus

 

France

gallia

 

frog

rana

 

from

a, ab

 

fro

abs

 

froth

spuma

 

frumenty

alica {n. p.}

 

G

 

 

garlic

allium

to

get

paro, gigno

 

ginger

gingiber

 

glass

vitrum

 

glove

chirotheca

 

glue

gluten

 

gnat

culex

 

godly

pie

 

godliness

pietas

to

go

eo

 

good

bonus

 

goodness

bonitas

 

goose

anser

 

grass

gramen

 

grave

sepulchrum

 

grease

adeps

to

grind

molo

to

grow

cresco

 

H

 

 

hay

faenum

to

hang

pendeo

to

have

habeo {D3}

 

he

ille

 

hell

barathrum

 

hemp

canabus

 

help

auxilium

 

here

huc

 

hers

sua

to

hide

occulto

 

hind

cerva

 

his

suus

 

hither

hic

 

hog

porcus

to

hold

teneo

 

honest

honestus

 

honestly

honeste

 

horn

cornu

 

horse

equus

 

hose

caliga

 

how

quomodo

 

hundred

centum

 

hundredth

centesimus

to

hurt

noceo

 

I

 

 

I

ego {n. p.}

 

if

si

to

imagine

reor

 

in

in

 

invention

inventio

 

K

 

to

keep

servo

 

king

rex

 

knave

nebulo

 

knife

cultrum

 

knots

nodi

to

know

scio

 

L

 

 

lard

vide bacon

to

lead

duco

to

leap

salto

to

leave

desino

to

lend

accomodo

 

life

vita

 

lime

calx

 

line

linum

 

little

parvus

to

live

vivo

to

lose

perdo {D4}

to

love

amo

 

louse

pediculus

 

lucre

lucrum

to

lie

iacio

 

M

 

to

make

facio

 

malice

militia

 

man

vir

 

marl

merga

to

may

vide Can

to

meet

obvio

 

milk

lac

 

millet

milium

 

mirth

hilaritas

 

modesty

modestia

 

monster

monstrum

 

mortar

caementum

 

mouse

mus

to

mow

meto

 

much

multus

 

mud

limus

 

muck

vide dong

 

mustard

sinapis {n. p.}

 

my

meus

 

mine

 

 

N

 

 

neither

neque

 

never

nunquam

 

nevertheless

verum

 

news

nova

 

nigh

prope

 

nine

novem

 

ninth

nonus

 

nineteen

novendecem

 

nineteenth

decimus nonus

 

ninety

nonaginta

 

ninetieth

nonagesimus

 

no

non

 

nor

nec

 

not

minime

 

notwithstanding

attamen

 

now

iam

 

nutmeg

nux myristica

 

O

 

 

oar

remus

 

oat

avena {n. p.}

 

object

obiectum

 

of

de, e, ex

 

offence

peccatum

 

often

saepe

 

oh

oh

 

on

super

 

one, et an

unus

 

or

vel

 

otherwise

secus

 

old

vetus

 

our

noster

to

owe

debeo

 

ox

bos

 

P

 

 

parsley

apium

 

penknife

scalpellum

 

people

populus

 

pepper

piper

 

perfectly

absolute

 

phlegm

pituita

 

pitch

pix

 

place

locus

 

pleasure

voluptas

 

prisoner

captivus {n. p.}

 

purely

sincere

to

put

pono

 

Q

 

to

quake

tremo

 

R

 

 

rather

potius

 

raisin

uvapassa

to

read

lego

 

reason

ratio

to

receive

accipio

to

rend

lucero

 

rhetoric

rhetorica

to

ride

equito

to

rise

surgo

to

ring

pulso

 

rope

funis

to

run

curro

 

S

 

 

saffron

crocus

 

sage

salvia

to

say

dico

 

scarce

vix

 

scissors

forfex

 

seven

septem {n. p.}

 

seventh

septimus

 

seventeen

septemdecem

 

seventieth

septuagesimus

 

seventeenth

decimus septimus

 

seventy

septuaginta

to

seek

quaero

 

seldom

raro

to

sell

vendo

to

send

mitto

to

set

pono

 

shadow

umbra

to

shake

quatio

 

shambles

micellum

 

sheaf

fascis

to

shear

tondeo

 

she

illa

 

sheep

ovis

to

shine

luceo

to

shoot

sagitto

to

shrink

contraho

to

shut

claudo

to

sing

canto {n. p.}

to

sit

sedeo

 

six

sex

 

sixth

sextus

 

sixteen

sexdecim

 

sixteenth

decimus sextus

 

sixty

sexaginta

 

sixtieth

sexagesimus

to

slay

trucido

to

sleep

dormio

to

slide

labor

to

slime

vide mud

to

smite

percutio

 

smoke

fumus

 

smooth

planus

 

snake

anguis

 

so

sic

 

soberly

sobrie

 

soon

cito

 

soot

fuligo

to

sow

semino

to

speak

loquor

to

spend

consumo

 

spice

aroma {n. p.}

to

spin

neo

to

spread

pando

to

spring

germino

 

staff

baculus

to

stand

sto

to

steal

furor

to

steep

immergo

 

stick

igniculum

 

still

assidue

to

sting

pungo

 

stone

lapis

 

straight

illico

to

strip

exuo

to

strive

certo

 

strength

fortitudo

 

strong

fortis

to

subdue

subdo

 

such

talis

 

suet

sevum

 

sugar

saccharum

 

swan

cignus

to

swear

iuro

to

sweep

verro {n. p.}

 

sweet

dulcis

to

swim

no

 

swine

sus

 

T

 

to

take

capio

 

tallow

vide suet

 

tar

vide pitch

to

teach

doceo

to

tear

lacero

to

tell

narrow

 

ten

decem

 

tenth

decimus

 

terrible

horribilis

 

terror

terror

 

that

illud

 

then

tunc

 

therefore

idcirco

 

thing

res

to

think

cogito

 

third

tertius

 

thirteen

tredecem

 

thirteenth

decimus tertius

 

thirty

triginta {n. p.}

 

thirtieth

trigesimus

 

this

hic, haec, hoc

 

thou

tu

 

thousand

mille

 

three

tres

to

throw

iacto

 

timber

lignum

 

time

tempus

 

tinder

igniareum

 

to

ad

 

together

una

 

tooth

dens

 

tow

stupa

to

tread

calco

 

trencher

quadra

 

tweed

tuesis

 

twelve

duodecim

 

twelfth

duodecimus

 

twenty

viginti

 

twentieth

vigesimus

 

U/V

 

 

virtue

virtus

 

under

subter {n. p.}

 

unless

nisi

 

until

donec

 

unto

ad

 

void

vacuus

 

upon

supra

 

W

 

 

water

aqua

 

wax

cera

to

wear

gesto

to

weep

ploro

 

wet

humecto

 

well

bene

 

what

quid

 

wheat

triticum

 

whence

unde

 

where

ubi

 

wherefore

quamobrem

 

whither

utrum

 

whetstone

cos

 

which

qui, quae, quod

 

whip

flagello

to

will

volo

 

who

quis {E1}

 

whose

cuius

 

wine

vinum

to

wink

niveo

to

win

lucror

to

wish

opto

 

with

cum

 

within

intus

 

without

foras

 

wit

ingenium

 

woe

vah

 

work

opus

 

world

mundus

 

worthy

dignus

to

write

scribe

 

Y

 

 

yes

etiam

 

yet

adhuc

 

yoked

iugatus

 

yonder

ibi {n. p.}

 

Analysis grammatica, ad nostrae huius artis praecepta unice conformata.

 

I was as small as any straw,
When first I gan to grow,
Then, growing to a riper age,
My shape was changèd so.
Then took they me out of my place
Where I was born and bred,
And, when they saw my shape was turned,
They straight cut off my head.
This being done, then did I drink,
Whereby such force I had
I made sworn brethren deadly foes,
I made true lovers glad.
And this did I, and ten times more
I have and must do still,
Yet did I nothing of myself
But all against my will.

 

I) pronomen primitivum demonstrativum: Sing, I, Me, pl. We, Us, p. 14, l. 5.

was) Infectum anomalum thematis, am, personae {E2} primae, et numeri singularis, P. 19, l. 16.

as) adverbium nativum, p. 26, l. 19.

small) Adiectivum singulare, at gratia substantivi singularis: numeri differentiae alias non agnoscens, p. 9, l. 15.

straw) substantivum singulare, pl. straws, interponitur autem e ad difficultatem prolationis minuendam, p. 6, l. 16.

When) Adverbium nativum, p. 26, l. 17.

first) Adverbium numerandi, ortum ab adiectivo numerali eiusdem nominis.

gan) Infectum anomalum thematis gin, p 19, l. 3.

to) Adverbium praepositivum infinitis, p. 34, l. 23.

grow) Infinitum praesens praeteritum habens anomalum grew, p. 19, l. 1.

Then) Adverbium nativum, p. 26, l. 18.

growing) participium praesens a themate grow addito ing, p. 22, l. 15.

to) adverbium praepositivum, seu praepositio serviens. Substantivo age, p. 34, l. 15.

a) Vox numeralis, cardinalis, simplex in oratione consonam semper praecurrens, p. 31, l. 15.

riper) Gradus comparativus absoluti ripe, cuius superlativus est ripest, p. 10, l. 11. {n. p.}

age) Substantivum singulare, pl. ages.

My) pronomen derivativum, substantivo semper affixum, p. 33, l. 6.

changèd) infectum regulare a themate change, addendo d, p. 16, l. 23.

so) Adverbium nativum, p. 26, l. 16.

took) infectum praeteritum anomalum, a praesenti take, p. 19. l. 4.

they) pronomen primitivum; recti pluralis, Sing. rect. he: ob. him. pl. rect. they ob them, p. 14, l. 9.

me) obliqui singularis a recto I, pl. rect. we, obl. us, p. 14, l. 6.

of) praepositio serviens substantivo place, p. 34, l. 15.

born) participium praeteritum formatum a bore. anomalo secundo, infecti praeteriti, adiecto N, cuius thema est Bear. p. 23. l. 19. was born) periphrasis est praeteriti infecti, passivae vocis, p. 25, l. 3.

and) coniunctio copulativa, p. 27, l. 14.

bred) participium praeteritum, idem cum anomalo infecto, cuius thema est breed, p. 22, l. 17.

saw) infectum anomalum praesentis see, p. 19, l. 3.

was turned) periphrasis infecti passivi, {E3} p. 25, l. 3. Turned autem est perfectum participium idem cum infecto praeterito, p. 22, l. 17. A verbo turn, contrahitur autem carminis causa, p.17, l. 4.

straight) adverbium nativum, p. 26, L. 15.

cut) infectum anomalum idem cum themate, p.. 20, l. 14.

This) pronomen demonstrativum, pl. these, p. 14, l. 11.

being) participium praesens a praesenti, be, p. 22, l. 14.

done) participium perfectum factum a praesenti do, p. 23, l. 11.

did) infectum anomalum eiusdem thematis, p. 19, l. 15.

drink) thema: did drink periphrasis est infecti drank, vel dronke, p. 20, l. 22.

such) adiectivum.

force) substantivum.

had) infectum anomalum a verbo have, p. 19, l. 15.

made) infectum anomalum verbi make, p. 19, l. 4.

sworn) participium ortum ab infecto anomalo secundo swore, cuius thema est sweare, p. 23 l. 18. {n. p.}

brethren) substantivum plurale anomalum a singulari brother, p. 7, l. 3.

foes) substantivum plurale a singulari foe, p. 6, l. 15.

ten) adiectivum numerale contentum plurali, p. 12, l. 10. Convenit cum substantivo times.

must) praesens solum, et semper, p. 16, l. 18.

still et yet) adverbia nativa, p. 26, l. 21.

 

Who knoweth not in Greeks what faith there reigns,

Yet by one treason guess the residue,

Nay, by a thousand, for with thousand trains

Brewed hath your bane that faithless miser crew,

Then who to stop your passage erst took pains

Prepares he now his life to spend for you,

Who to you highways common t’all that live

Denied, will he his proper blood now give.

 

Analysis.

Who) Relativum plurale, Sing. et plur. rect. Who, ob: whom, p. 14, l. 15.

knoweth) tertia persona praesentis singularis, know, knowest, knoweth, p. 15, l. 15.

reigns) contractio tertia personae praesenits {E4} reigneth, p. 15, l. 17.

guess} futuri primi secunda persona pluralis, p. 21, l. 17.

Brewed) ut turned superius.

your) Non yours quia deponitur substantivum, p. 33, l. 6.

faithless) adiectivum ortum a substantivo faith; additione less, p. 9, l. 8.

Prepares) contractum ut reigns superius.

spend) infinitum praesens cuius infectum est spent, p. 20, l. 14.

t’all), apostrophus, p. 29, l. 10.

Denied) infectum analogum a themate deny: contrahitur secundario carminis gratia, p. 17, l. 19.

give) infinitum praesens cuius praeteritum est irregulare gave, p. 19, l. 3. Will give) est periphrasis secundi future, p. 25, l. 17.

 

Finis. {n. p.}

Editorial notes

John Legate or Legatt was probably a native of Hornchurch in Essex. He worked as an apprentice for Christopher Barker, and was freed on 11 April 1586. Instead of pursuing a career in London, he moved to Cambridge, where he was appointed printer to the University of Cambridge in 1589. After completing the first Bible ever printed in Cambridge in 1591, he became famous for his inexpensive editions of the classics and for publishing the works of eminent Protestant theologians, such as William Perkins. In 1609 Legatt left Cambridge for London, where he continued to call himself “Printer to the University” and to use his Cambridge device, with the motto: Hinc lucem et pocula sacra (“From here light and sacred draughts”. He died in 1620. See David McKitterick, “Legate, John”, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), 2004, DOI: 10.1093/ref:odnb/16348 (last access, 04/12/2021).

Editorial notes

By the close of the 1590s, St. Paul’s Churchyard was the chief head-quarter of the book trade, not only for London, but for the whole country. Several of Shakespeare’s plays were indeed issued from this place. Despite the growing competition, St. Paul’s Churchyard would preserve its supremacy at least until the Great Fire in 1666. The various booksellers were identified based on different signs (i.e., The Sun, or The Bible), but also on the different nature of their shops. In this regard, see Henry B. Wheatley, “Signs of Booksellers in St. Paul's Churchyard”, in The Library, 9:1 (1906), pp. 67-106: “There were the substantial houses round the Cathedral, where the printer or stationer could carry on his business and dwell, but clustered in every direction against the very walls of the church were booths and sheds and stalls. These were simply 'lock-up' shops of one story, many with flat roofs for people to stand on to view processions, and were used by booksellers and such printers as had printing-offices elsewhere” (p. 70). See also the latest Shanyn Altman – Jonathan Buckner (eds.), Old St Paul’s and Culture, London, Palgrave – Macmillan, 2021.

Editorial notes

A poem of eight verses.

Editorial notes

Zoilus (c. 400 – 320 BC) was a Greek grammarian, native of Thrace, in Eastern Macedonia. He is mainly known for his harsh criticism against Homer, which made him gain the name “Homeromastix” (“scourge of Homer”).

Editorial notes

Greaves plays here with a famous line from Virgil’s Aeneid: “Furor arma ministrat” (1.150). See Virgil, Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid, Books 1-6, trans. H. R. Fairclough, revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library 63. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1916, pp. 272-273.

Editorial notes

Ovid, Tristia. Ex Ponto, trans. A L. Wheeler, revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library 151. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1924, pp. 36-37.

Editorial notes

Ovid, Tristia. Ex Ponto, trans. A L. Wheeler, revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library 151. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1924, pp. 36-37.

Editorial notes

Ancient Greek for “evident”.

Editorial notes

Ancient Greek for “proof of (divine) love”.

Editorial notes

This is a quotation from the Second Eclogue in Book Two of The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (1593). See Sir Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, ed. Maurice Evans, London, Penguin Books, 1977, p. 427.

Editorial notes

The term Nimipedon – probably derived from pes, pedis (foot) and nimis (too much) – can be interpreted as “exceeding methrical foot, or syllable”.

Editorial notes

This is a quotation from George Gascoigne’s The Steel Glass. See The steele glas A satyre co[m]piled by George Gascoigne Esquire. Togither with The complainte of Phylomene. An elegie deuised by the same author. London: Printed for Richard Smith, 1576, C3v. Available on Early English Books Online (EEBO) (last access, 04/12/2021).

Editorial notes

This is a quotation from George Gascoigne’s The Steel Glass. See The steele glas A satyre co[m]piled by George Gascoigne Esquire. Togither with The complainte of Phylomene. An elegie deuised by the same author. London: Printed for Richard Smith, 1576, C3v. Available on Early English Books Online (EEBO) (last access, 04/12/2021).

Editorial notes

This is a quotation from George Gascoigne’s The Complaint of Philomene. See The steele glas A satyre co[m]piled by George Gascoigne Esquire. Togither with The complainte of Phylomene. An elegie deuised by the same author. London: Printed for Richard Smith, 1576, O2v. Available on Early English Books Online (EEBO) (last access, 04/12/2021).

Editorial notes

Horace, Epistles (1.6.67-68), in Horace, Satires. Epistles. The Art of Poetry, trans. H. R. Fairclough. Loeb Classical Library 194. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1926, pp. 290-291.

Editorial notes

Horace, Epistles (1.6.67-68), in Horace, Satires. Epistles. The Art of Poetry, trans. H. R. Fairclough. Loeb Classical Library 194. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1926, pp. 290-291.

Editorial notes

A verse riddle.

ToC