Document Type | Modernised |
---|---|
Code | Tonkis |
Type | manuscript |
Year | 1612 |
Place | London |
De analogia anglicani sermonis liber grammaticus
Auctore Thoma Tonkisio anglo
e collegio sanctae et individuae Trinitatis in Academia Cantabrigiensi
Anno salutis MDCXII {1}
{n. p.}
Illustrissimo Principi Friderico eius nominis Quinto Romani Imperii Electori et Archidapifero Comiti Palatino ad Rhenum et utriusque Bavariae Duci etc.:
Dedicat inscribis
Thomas Tonkis {2}
{n. p.}
De literis
Caput primum
Literae nobis sunt quatuor et viginti.
A apud nos exilius exauditur quam a Gallicum, ut apple, answer, ancient.
At in fine ante duplex l, pronuntiatur ut apud Gallos, patenti et hiulco sono, ut all, small, tall, fall.
Sic in principio, medio et fine eorum quae consonantem post l habent, ut calmness, unfalty, falt.
B ut b Gallicum, beniamin.
C ut apud Gallos, ante e et j cum sibilo ut s, ante a, o, u, ut x vel k.
Ch ut ch Hispanorum, “mucho”, much; vel ut c ante e vel j apud Italos, ut “cento”: cheerful, chimney, chink, chosen.
Excipe vocabula a Graecis deducta, ut eunuch, ubi ch ut x.
D ut d gallorum in fine vero vocabuli liquidius auditur, ut proffered, loved, non profferet, lovet, ut Galli solent.
E in principio et medio ut e Gallorum, in fine vero pene deperit, temere tamen non adscribitur, producit enim vocalem antecedentem, eamque reddit magis claram et sonoram, ut spit, spite, clock, cloke, pil, pile.
E ante n in fine dictionis obscure sonat, ut sweetén, stréngthen, lénghthen.
E post l in fine obscure, ut tíckle, bríttle, fíckle, trémble, thímble.
E ante l solam in fine modo v consonans preaecedat, obscure, ut divél, drivél, évél, shovél.
E nunquam sonat a, ut accident, non “accidant” ut Galli.
F ut f Gallorum, ut fill, filbert.
G ante e et j vocales ut g Italicum, ut ginger, gerk.
Excipe give cum compositis, girl, girt, gimlet.
Excipe omnia etiam qua n ante g habent, cuiusmodi sunt omnia participia activa, ut loving, thriving, ubi g enuntiatur ut γ* ut finger, ringer, sing, fling, excipe ginger.
G ante u ut gu Gallorum, excipe languish, anguish, ubi ut gu Italorum.
G ante h, in media syllaba gutturalem reddit sonum, ut spright, light, affright, naught, taught, fraught, raught, caught.
H rarissime sine aspiratione legitur: having, hart, hasty, high.
H spiritum addit literae cui coniunctum, ut thigh.
H in honest, host, hostess, honour, cum derivatis quiescit. {3}
I ante vocalem eiusdem syllabae consonans, ante consonantem vocalis.
I consonans sonat g Italicum, ut javelin, jest, jade, jett, jealous, joyful, joint, junket, justle, justice.
I in principio et medio dictionum, ut i Gallicum, ut intimate, incident.
I vocalis in fine pleniore profertur sono, ut hability, ubi bili Gallice, ty anglice, at hoc in carmine plerumque fite, sepius enim pro y scribit ie.
K ut κ, kalender, knave.
L |
more Gallico. |
M |
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N |
’όμικρον habemus, et ’ωμέγα, unica tantum nota, sono differenti.
O ante duas consonantes vel densam, in principio vel medio vocabuli obscure profertur, ut often, importunate, other, brother, at ante consonantem solam, ut w ut open, over.
O in fine si vox consonanti clauditur obscure, ut not, begot, spot, aut si vocalis sequatur ut w, ut note, excipe desinentia in v consonante et e, ut love, move, prove, above, behove, etc.
O ante n in fine obscurissime, ut tomson, peason, contribution, oration, reason.
O ante w, in know, grow, snow, sow, row, flow, cum compositis, et in billow, willow, pillow, crow, elbow, ut w.
Oo ut ou Gallorum: good, blood, flood, rood, brood, mood.
P ut p Gallorum, ut princess, palsgrave, pretty.
Ph spumosius, ut φ Phillip.
Q nunquam sine u scribitur, sonat qu Etruschorum, ut question.
R ut r Gallicum, rustic, rule.
S inter duas vocales, ut z, muse.
Sh ut ch apud Gallos, ut shirt, sheet, languish, polish, vel ut sic Italorum.
T ut t Gallorum, tiding, tilting.
Th aliquando ut θ, aliquando vel d Hispanicum in fine, “verdad”.
Th in medio semper ut d Hispanicum, ut mother, brother, other, smother, exceptis a Graecis originem ducentibus, ut Athenien.
Excipe etiam haec vocabula, metheglin, strengthening, lengthening. {n. p.}
Th in fine ut θ, ut loveth, proveth, speaketh, et huiusmodi infinita. Excipe pauca verba, ut to bathe, to bequeath, to clothe, et haec nomina, sithe, sheath, tithe, wreath, et underneath ubi ut d Hispanorum.
Th in principio ut θ, ut theatre, thirsty, think, excipe that, then, thence, there, they, thine, this, these, those, theather, thou, though.
U inter duas consonantes vocalis, ut pull, full, pule.
In principio vocabuli ante vocalem consonans, ut veal, ante consonantem vocalis, ut upon, upright, uphold.
In medio inter duas vocales consonans incipitque syllabam, ut received.
In fine inter duas vocales quarum ultima est e obscurum consonans est, ut love, move, etc., etiam post l vel r, ut twelve, starve, carve, etc.
U consonans ut u Gallicum, vel digamam, villanie, vile.
U vocalis ante consonantem solam pronunciatur ac si interpuncta esset j, ut repute, refute, quasi repiute, refiute, at ante duas sonus ille j tollitur, ut putting, fulfill, et huiusmodi plurima, in fine etiam ante mutam, ut but, put, shut, etc.
W proprio quodam modo profertur, ut will, wilful, woodcock, winter, swear, sweep, sweeten, swill, dwell, twibill, twenty, twelve.
W in eadem syllaba aliquando sequitur s, d, t, ut in iam dictis exemplis, cum aliis consonantibus nunquam coniungitur in eadem syllaba, in diversis vero saepe, ut wormwood.
W post a, e, o in eadem syllaba sonat ut u in dipthongis au, eu, ou, ut shaw, sew, wow, quasi shau, seu, wou.
Wh summa cum aspiratione, ut what, whether, when, whom, who.
X ut x Latinum, ut box, pox, ox.
Y ut j unde saepe scribitur pro j.
Z ut ζ Graecum.
De dipthongis
Ae ut apud Latinos.
Aj |
ut Italorum, ut whay, way, mau, autumn. |
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Au
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Ea ut e masculinum Gallicum, ut bread, dead, feast.
Ej ut ej Latinorum, ut they.
Eu ut εu Graecum, greu, deu.
Oa ut ω, oak, smoak.
Oj ut oy in moy, ut annoy, boy, toy.
Ou apertius quam ou Gallorum, ut thou. {4}
Nulla pene apud nos quiescit litera, nimirum dum distincte loquimur.
Consonantes in fine dictionum durissime efferuntur.
Derivatio et compositio non variat literarum sonum.
De articulis
Caput secundum
Articulus est duplex |
finitus, ut the, “le” vel “la” gallorum.
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infinitus seu vagus, ut “a”, “un” vel “une”.
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Articulus infinitus vim habet ut incerta et infinita declaret et definiat, ut a man, “un homme”; the man, “l’homme”.
Articulus finitus proeponitur appellativis: vel generaliter, ut the earth, “la terre”, vel specialiter, ut the nature of virtue, “la nature de vertu”.
Nomina propria et praenomina articulos recusant nisi sit emphaseos gratia, ut the Harry of Harries, Henricus Henricorum; the only she or he of the town, unicus ille vel unica ilia urbis, ubi she et he pro nominibus stant et significant “vir”, “femina”.
Articulorum declinatio
Quae ad contractionem attinet hic sine regulis scribemus; sic autem omnia collocamus, ut primum distincte loquendi et scribendi modus, tum vulgaris et contractus adscribatur. {n. p.}
Articulus finitus: the, “le” vel “la”
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Contractio |
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N. the |
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G. of the |
ov the vel o’the, vel o’th’ |
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Singularis |
D. to the |
to th’ |
The |
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A. the |
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V. o the |
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A. from, by, with the |
by th’ |
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Pluralis a singulari non differt
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In vulgari et contractiore loquendi forma, et apud poetas, articulus the cum nominibus a vocali incipientibus contrahitur ut si una pars orationis esset, ut the ass, th’ass, όὐνος; the other, th’other, ατερος. the image, th’image, et hoc semper fit.
Aliquando ante h, cum h quiescit, ut th’host, th’honor, th’honest.
Articulus vagus : a, “un” vel “une”
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N. a |
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G. of a ov a |
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D. to a |
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Singularis |
A. a |
A |
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V. caret |
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A. from, by, with a |
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Caret omnino plurali
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Articulus a, si vocabulum sequens a vocali incipiat vel h tenui, accipit n, ut hiatus tollatur, ut an ox, an ass, an evening, an host, an honest, an honorable man.
De variatione nominum
Caput tertium
Declinatio nominum fit praeponendo articulos, ut
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N. the man |
th’man, ubi e tollitur et th’ ad praecedentem dictionem iungitur, ut I know th’man, pro I know the man. |
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G. of the man |
ov th’man vel oth’man |
Singularis |
D. to the man |
to th’man |
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A. the man |
th’man |
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V. o the man |
o th’man |
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A. from, by, with the man |
from th’man, by th’man |
Pluralis a plurali nominis et articulo fit, ut the men etc. |
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Eodem modo variatur nomen cum articulo vago, ut a man, of a man, to a man, etc. {5}
De genere
Articuli, nomina, participia non agnoscunt genera.
Ε pronominibus he, ille, et she, illa admittunt generis distinctionem, id est, referuntur ad dictiones quibus sexus discrimen adest, ut he is here, ille adest; she is here, illa adest.
De numero
Articulis, adiectivis, participiis idem est singularis et pluralis, ut the man, the men; honest man, honest men; loving man, loving men; loved man, loved men.
Substantivorum pluralis fit addendo s singulari, ut hand, hands; stone, stones; bone, bones.
Finita in i vel y, in ss, in s consonante praecedente, et in x, accipiunt e in plurali, ut infirmity, infirmities; charity, charities; hardiness, hardinesses; purse, purses; box, boxes.
Quae, f habent in fine f vertunt in v consonante, ut calf, calves; beef, beeves; thief, thieves; knife, knives; wife, wives; life, lives.
Haec sunt irregularia: man, men; woman, women; sow, “truie”, swine; ox, “boeuf”, oxen; bee, “mouche a miel”, been; mouse, “souris”, mice; tooth, “dens”, teeth; louse, “poux”, lise; foot, “pied”, feet; cow, “vache”, kine; child, children.
De nominum analogia
Caput quartum
De adiectivis
Addendo syllabam less substantivi fini, fit adiectivum significationis contrariae redditque apud Graecos α στερητικόν, ut fearless, ἂφοβος; harmeless, ἂκακος; fatherless, motherless, brotherless, moneyless.
Syllaba un in principio vim στερητικήν obtinet ut a fained, “feint”, fit unfained, “non feint”; faithfulness, fidelitas, unfaithfulness, infidelitas. Reperiuntur aliae formae στερητικαί in eadem voce. Possumus dicere unharmless, ἀάατος vel ἐκ ἄκακος. At tales formae non sunt frequentes licet linguae analogia hanc libertatem ferre queat. {n. p.}
Si ful substantivo adiungas, fiet adiectivum eiusdem sensus, plenitudinem quandam significans, ut hopeful. Full enim valet plenum, ut fearful, harmful, sinful, guileful, mindful, memor.
Ly in fine substantivi adiectivum eiusdem significationis facit; ly, alike, similis, unde in ly finita similitudinem significant, ut lovely, fatherly, motherly, brotherly, sisterly, friendly.
Y in fine substantivi, adiectivum eiusdem sensus, ut water, aqua, watery, aquosus; aery, earthy, stony, fiery.
En substantivo adiunctum adiectivum facit materiale, ut beech, fagus, beechen, faginus; oak, ilex, oaken ilignum; gold, aurum, golden, aureus.
Syllaba some addita substantivo vel adiectivo sensum retinet, ut bright, clarus, brightsome; light, lucidus, lightsome; gladsome, noisome.
Ish substantivo datum fit adiectivum sensumque retinet, ut water, waterish; salt, saltish; fool, foolish; child, childish; slut, sluttish.
Datum vero adiectivo, sensum diminuit, ut red, rufus, reddish, subrufus; bitter, amarus, bitterish, subamarus; sweetish, yellowish, whitish.
De substantivis
Addimus syllabam ness adiectivo et fit substantivum sensus eiusdem, ut fearlessness, ἀφοβία; harmlessness, ἀκακία; motherlessness, τὸ ἀμῆτορ; fatherlessness, hopefulness, εὐελπισία; fearfulness, meticulositas; loveliness, τὸ φιλικὸν; fatherliness, paternitas; friendliness, τὸ φιλικὸν; earthiness, τὸ γηϊνὸν; stonyness, τὸ λιθινὸν; brightsomeness, claritudo; gladsomeness, τὸ χαρτικὸν; saltishness, ἁλμυρότης; bitterishness, ύποπικρότης. {6}
Idem accidit adiectivis principalibus, ut white, whiteness, albedo; good, bonus, goodness, bonitas; light, levis, lightness, levitas; smooth, laevis, smoothness, laevitas.
Vocabula quae continere aliquid possunt accepto ful fiunt substantiva mensuram significantia, ut spoon, cochleare, spoonful, cochlearium; hand, handful, “poignee”; house, “maison”, houseful; townful, shipful, spit veru spitful.
Vocabula vero quae contineri possunt vel re vel cogitatione addito ful fiunt adiectiva, ut supra fearful, disdainful, quae forma optime quadrat vocibus affectiones vel aliquod simile significantibus, ut hopeful, spiteful, ireful, guileful.
Hood vel head addita substantivis qualitatem notat, ut manhood, virilitas; womanhood, feminea virtus; knighthood, “la chevalerie”; priesthood, sacerdotium.
Aliquando adiectivis ut livelihood, vivacitas; beastlihead, “bestialité”.
Ship nominis cauda officium vel munus denotans, ut consulship, consulatus; praetorship, censorship; worship, dignitas; lordship, “signiorie”.
Est altera forma terminationis, ut kingdom, regnum; earldom, “counté”.
De verbalibus
Dicuntur a themate verborum definentium in vocalem addendo r, in consonantem er, ut to love, amare, a lover, amator; to dispute, a disputer; to sing, a singer; to cry, a crier; to hurt, a hurter; to knock, a knocker; to quaff, a quaffer; to hunt, a hunter.
Quaedam in ment finiunt, a verbis in dge, sh, ise vel ze finitis, ut judgement, abridgement, banishment, ravishment, punishment, impoverishment, disguisement, amazement. {n. p.}
De analogia adverbiorum
Adverbia ab adiectivis principalibus formantur appositione ly fini, ut honest, honestly; modest, modestly; fine, finely, “bravement”; true, truly, “vrayement”; formantur etiam a derivatis, ut friendlessly, fearefully, earthyly, lightsomely, saltishly, reddishly, woodenly, goodlily, friendlily fiunt etiam a participiis activis, ut lovingly, stealingly, et saepe a passivis, ut amazedly.
De gradibus comparationis
Comparantur recta et regularia in er, superlativa in est.
Hac vero forma adiectiva, participia, adverbia, abunde fruuntur.
Adiectivum |
hopeful |
hopefuller |
hopefullest |
per contractionem |
hopeful’st |
Participium activum |
loving |
lovinger |
lovingest |
louing’st
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Participium passivum |
learned |
learneder |
learnedest |
learned’st |
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Adverbium |
poorly |
poorlier |
poorliest |
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Aliter comparantur cum more, plus, et less, minus, vel too much, nimium, too little, nimis parum, quorum superlativum est most, exempli gratia:
hopeful |
more hopeful |
most hopeful |
hopeful |
less hopeful |
least hopeful |
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alia forma superlativorum |
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upper |
uppermost |
higher |
highermost |
under |
undermost |
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nethermost |
lower |
lowermost |
former |
formost |
πρωτος |
πρώτιστος |
Quæ sequuntur sunt irregularia
ἄγαθος |
good |
better |
best βέλτερος βέλτιστος
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κακὸς |
bad |
worse vel worser |
worst |
μικρὸς |
little |
less vel lesser |
least |
De deminutivis
Raro admittimus deminutiva nisi in nominibus propriis quorum usus frequens, ut Richard, Dick; Thomas, Tom; William, Will; Robert, Robin, etc. Christofer, Kit; Elizabeth, Bess; Catherine, Cate, etc.
Aliquando in appellativis, ut lamb, lambkin; bull, bulchin, vel bullock; chick, chicken; goose, gosling; duck, duckling; suckling; dear, darling; stare, starling; capon, caponet. {7}
De pronomine
Caput quintum
Demonstrativa sunt I, thou, he, she.
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Contactions |
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N. I |
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Singular |
G. of me |
ommee |
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D. to me |
tommee |
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A. me |
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V. of me |
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I |
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A. from, by, with me |
wimmee or wummee |
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N. we |
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G. of us |
ov us |
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Pluralis |
D. to us |
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A. us |
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V. caret |
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A. from, by, with us |
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N thou |
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G. of thee |
ov thee vel o’thee |
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Singularis |
D to thee |
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A. thee V. caret |
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Thou |
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A. from, by, with thee |
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N you vel yee |
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G. of you |
o’ you vel ov you |
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D to you |
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Pluralis |
A. you |
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V. of you A. from, by, with you |
wee-you |
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N. he |
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G. of him |
ov’him vel on’im |
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D. to him |
to’im |
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Singularis |
A. him |
im |
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V. caret |
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He |
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A. from, by with him |
from’im, by’im, with’im |
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N they |
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G. of them |
ov them, o’them, of’em, vel on’em |
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D to them |
to’em |
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Pluralis |
A. them |
em |
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V. caret |
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A from, by with them |
from’em, by’em, with’em |
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N. she |
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G. of her |
ov’er |
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Singularis |
D. to her |
to’er |
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A. her |
er |
She |
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V. of she |
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A. from, by, with her |
from’er, by’er, with’er |
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Pluralis non differt a plurali they |
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Addimus epitagmaticon myself hisce pronominibus, ut I myself, thou thyself, he himself; genitivus: of me myself, of thee thyself, of him himself.
Pluralis: we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves; genitivus: of us ourselves etc., of you yourselves, of them themselves etc, in obliquis.
praepositiva: my, thy, his; pluralis: our, your, their.
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subiunctiva: mine, thine, his; pluralis: ours, yours, theirs. |
Possessiva
Cum vox sequens a vocali incipit utimur subiunctivis praepositivorum vice, ut mine aunt, mine uncle, at hoc solum in numero singulari fit.
Possessivum nunquam recipit articulum, ut apud gallos “le mien” etc.
Provocabulum which vel that, reddit qui, quae, quod, referturque ad res et personas.
Who vero solum refertur ad personam, ut the man who loves you, vir qui te amat; numquam ad res non enim dicimus the stone who is hard, sed the stone which vel that is hard, saxum quod durum est.
Who in obliquis habet whom, ut of whom, to whom, whom, from, by, with whom.
Whose reddit cuius vel quorum, ut whose book is this, cuius est hic liber. {n. p.}
This singularis, “ce”; these pluralis, “ces”. That, illud; those, illa.
His post substantivum possessionem significat, ut Virgil his life, Virqilii vita; Scaevola his hand, manus Scaevolae; Caesar his commentary etc. Quod in scripta oratione saepe, et cum loquimur, semper contrahitur cum substantivo, hoc modo, Virgil’s life, Scaevola’s hand, Caesar’s commentary, Casaubon’s Polybius, at post nomina s finita, sic Polybius’us history, Claudius’is Messalina, Plautus’is comedies.
Thereof reddit Gallorum en, ut he hath eaten thereof, “il en a mangé”.
De verbo
Caput sextum
Unica nobis verborum coniugatio a qua quae deflectunt verba, sunt anomala.
In regularibus thema prius considerandum est, dein aoristum et participium passivum, a quo facta sunt praeterita tempora.
Aoristum verborum regularium fit a themate addendo d si litera ultima fuerit vocalis, ut to love, amare, aoristum I loved, amavi; sin consonans, ed, ut to omit, aoristum I omitted.
Litera characteristica nunquam mutantur.
Adiunguntur semper verbis personae.
Terminatio personarum pluralium non diffidet a prima singulari.
Passivum fit a participio passivo et verbo substantivo, ut I am loved, “je suis aimé”; I am hurt, “je suis blessé”. {8}
“J’aime”
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Contractionis ratio |
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Singularis |
I love thou lovest |
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thou lov’st |
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he loveth |
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he lov’st |
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Primum |
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we |
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Pluralis |
you |
love |
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Praesens |
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they |
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the love |
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I do |
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Singularis |
thou dost |
love |
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he doth |
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Secundum |
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we |
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Pluralis |
you |
do love |
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they |
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Promiscue utimur duplici huius temporis forma, at saepius prima, secunda vero cum emphaticos loquimur, vel in interrogationibus.
“J’aimais”
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I did |
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Singularis |
thou didst |
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Imperfectum |
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he did |
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love |
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Pluralis |
we |
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you |
did |
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they |
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I loved |
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I lov’d |
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Singularis |
thou lovedst |
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thou lov’dst |
“J’aimais” |
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he loved |
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he lov’d |
Aoristum |
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Pluralis |
we |
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you |
loved |
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they |
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Hoc tempus aoristum Graecum vel Gallicum reddit, ut I made, ἐποίησα, “je fis”.
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I have |
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I’a |
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Singularis |
thou hast |
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thou’ast vel brevis th’ast |
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hee hath |
loved |
hee has vel hee’as |
lov’d |
Praeteritum |
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we |
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we |
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Pluralis |
you |
have |
you ay’a |
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they |
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they th’a |
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Hoc tempus vim praeteritum perfectum Graeci vel Gallici retinet, ut I have made, πεποίηχα, “j’ai fait”. {n. p.}
“J’avais aimé” |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I had |
|
I’ad |
|
|
Singularis |
thou hadst |
|
thou’adst th’adst |
|
Plusquam perfectum |
|
hee had |
loved |
he’ad he’d |
lov’d |
|
|
we |
|
we wee’d |
|
|
Pluralis |
you had |
|
you adya’d |
|
|
|
they |
|
they |
|
“J’aimerai” |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
I will |
|
I’le |
|
|
|
|
Singularis |
thou wilt |
|
thou’lt |
|
|
|
Futurum primum |
|
he will |
love |
he’le |
love |
|
|
|
Pluralis |
we you will |
|
we’le you’le |
|
|
|
|
|
they |
|
they’le |
|
|
In prima persona singulari et plurali semper voluntas agendi significatur, in ceteris, modo voluntas, modo simplex futuri temporis eventus, ut he will come, “il viendra”; he will be hanged, “il va être pendu”. Primum: “il sera pendu”.
|
|
I shall |
|
|
Prima persona |
|
Singularis |
thou shalt |
|
|
utriusque numeri |
|
|
he shall |
|
|
subservit promissis |
Futurum secundum |
|
|
love |
|
reliquae numquam |
|
|
we |
|
|
|
|
Pluralis |
you shall |
|
|
|
|
|
they |
|
|
|
Hoc futurum necessitatem, certitudinem eventus, omnibus personis et numeris enunciat, saepe imperativi vim obtinet.
Secunda et tertia persona utriusque numeri subserviunt promissis et imperiis, prima vero nunquam, at Scoti aliter: qui cum dicerent I will love, dicunt I shall love you.
|
|
I shall |
|
I shall’a |
|
|
|
Singularis |
thou shalt |
|
thou shalt’a vel shat’a |
lov’d |
|
|
|
he shall |
|
he shall’a etc. |
|
|
Futurum tertium |
|
|
have loved |
|
|
|
|
|
we |
|
|
|
|
|
Pluralis |
you shall |
|
|
|
|
|
|
they |
|
|
|
Fit a futuro verbi have et participio praeteriti, unde significatio mixta est, Gallice “j‘aurai aimé”, I shall have written, γεγραφώς έσομαι et interrogative, shall one have sent so many to hell? Unus tot miserit orco?
Imperativus
|
Singularis |
love let him love |
let im love |
“Aime: qu’il aime” |
|
let vs love |
let’s love |
|
Pluralis |
love you |
|
|
|
let them love |
let em love |
Let him love, verbatim, sine illum amare. {9}
Optativus
“Je prie dieu que j’aime” |
|
|
|
I pray God |
Singularis |
I thou |
|
Praesens |
|
he |
love |
|
Pluralis |
we you |
|
|
|
they |
|
Imperfectum ut aoristum indicativi, ut I would to God, vel I would (per contractio: I wud) I loved, utinam amarem etc.
Perfectum ut perfectum indicativi: I pray God I have loved, utinam amaverim.
Plusquam perfectum ut plusquam perfectum indicativi: I would to God, vel I would I had loved, utinam amavissem.
Futurum ut praesens, addendo hereafter, “cy-après”, ut I pray God I love hereafter.
Modus potentialis potentiam, permissionem, vel casum quendam enuntiat.
|
|
Singularis |
I can thou canst |
|
Praesens primum |
|
|
he can |
love |
|
|
Pluralis |
we |
|
|
|
|
you can |
|
|
|
|
they |
|
I can love, verbatim, possum amare, potentiam enim prima haec forma nunciat, ut nec sperent Tartara regem, hell cannot expect a king.
|
|
Singularis |
I may thou mayst |
|
Praesens secundum |
|
|
he may |
|
|
|
|
|
love |
|
|
Pluralis |
we |
|
|
|
|
you may |
|
|
|
|
they |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Haec forma permissionis vim habet, ut expectes hoc a me, thou mayst expect this of me. Primum: liceat tibi hoc etc. vel potes etc., I may speak the truth, licet mihi loqui veritatem; he may do me good, his casum significat.
|
Singularis |
|
I could thou couldst |
|
I cou’d thou cou’dst |
Imperfectum primum |
|
|
he could |
love |
he cou’d |
|
Pluralis |
|
we |
|
|
|
|
|
you could |
|
|
|
|
|
they |
|
|
Fit a prima forma praesentis, eandemque vim tenet quoad significationem, ut I could say, dicerem, vel poteram dicere.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Singularis |
|
I might thou mightst |
|
|
secundum |
|
|
he might |
|
|
|
Pluralis |
|
we |
love |
|
|
|
|
you might |
|
|
|
|
|
they |
|
|
Fit a secunda forma praesentis, eiusque significationem retinet permissivam vel fortuitam. {n. p.}
|
Primum |
I can have loved thou canst have loved etc., ut |
I can a lov’d |
|
|
tempus praesens, have et participio |
|
Perfectum |
|
additis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Secundum |
I may have loved etc. ut praesens |
|
|
|
have cum participio addito |
|
I can have loved, possum amavisse, amaverim.
I may have loved, forte an amaverim.
|
|
Singularis |
I could thou couldst |
|
|
Primum |
|
he could have loved |
|
|
|
Pluralis |
we |
|
|
|
|
you could |
|
Plusquam perfectum |
|
|
they
Fit ab imperfecto primo addito have cum participio I could have loved, amavissem, vel poteram amavisse. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I might |
|
|
Secundum |
|
thou mightst etc. ut imperfectum: apposito have cum participio |
|
I might have killed him, licuerat mihi illum occidisse.
Futurum a praesenti non discrepat, ut I may love hereafter, I can love hereafter.
Subiunctivus
Praesens ut praesens optative, ut though I love, although I love, quamvis amem.
|
Singularis |
I would thou wouldst |
I woo’d thou wu’dst |
I’de thou’dst |
|
Primum |
|
he would |
he wu’d |
he’d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
love |
|
Pluralis |
we |
we wu’d |
we’d |
|
|
|
you would |
you wu’d |
you’d |
|
|
|
they |
they wu’d |
they’d |
|
“J’aimerais” Imperfectum |
I would speak, “je parlerais”, vellem loqui. Formatur a primo futuro indicativi, a will, would, though I would love, quamvis amarem vel quamvis vellem amare
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I should |
I shou’d |
|
|
Secundum |
Singularis |
thou shouldst he should love |
thou shoud’st he shou’d love |
|
|
|
|
we |
we |
|
|
|
Pluralis |
you should |
you shou’d |
|
|
|
|
they |
they |
|
|
Though I should love, quamvis deberem amare; thou shouldst labour, deberes laborare; you should speak, “vous deuriez parler”. {10}
|
|
I would have loved etc. fit ab imperfecto addito have et participio. I would have believed, crediderim vel credidissem; I would have said, dixerim. |
Perfectum et |
Primum |
I would have granted, concesserim. Voluntatem semper indicat, ut I would have given, volueram dare. |
plusquamperfectum
|
|
I should have loved, thou shouldst have loved, he should have loved etc. |
|
Secundum |
fit ab imperfecto addito have et participio, indicatio semper est debiti, ut I should have loved, debueram amare; thou shouldst have imitated, debueras imitari, vel imitatus esses |
Infinitivus
Praesens et imperfectum: to love, amare.
Perfectum et plusquam perfectum: to have loved, amavisse.
Futurum: to love hereafter.
Participium activum loving fit a themate addendo ing. Si in consonantem definat, ut to help, helping, adiuvans. Sin in vocalem, reice vocalem et adde ing, ut love, loving; move, moving.
Participium passivum loved, in regularibus non discrepat ab aoristo.
De verbo substantivo, I am, sum, a quo cum participio passivo, omnia verba passiva facta sunt, ut I am loved, amor; I was loved, amabar etc.
Indicativus
|
Singularis |
I am thou art |
|
th’art |
|
“Je suis” |
|
he is |
|
he’s |
|
Praesens |
|
we |
|
|
|
|
Pluralis |
you |
are |
y’are |
|
|
|
they |
|
th’are |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I was |
|
|
|
|
Singularis |
thou wast |
|
|
|
“J’étais” vel “je fus”. |
|
he was |
|
|
|
Imperfectum et aoristum |
Pluralis |
we |
|
|
|
|
|
you |
were |
|
|
|
|
they |
|
{n. p.}
|
|
“J’ai été” Perfectum |
I have been, thou hast been, he hath been etc. |
|
|||
|
|
Plusquam perfectum I had bene, thou hadst been, he had been etc.
“Je serai” |
Primum |
I will be, thou wilt be, he will be etc. |
Futurum |
Secundum |
I shall be, thou shalt be, he shall be etc. |
“J‘aurai été” |
Tertium |
I will vel shall have been, thou wilt vel shalt have been, he will vel shall have been etc. |
Imperativus
“Sois” |
be thou, let him be, let us be, be you, let them be. |
Optativus
Utinam sim, praesens |
I pray God I be, thou be vel beest, he be, we be, you be, they be.
|
Imperfectum, essem |
I would I were, thou wer’st vel wert, he were, we were, you were, they were. |
Perfectum, fuerim |
I pray God I have been, thou hast been etc. |
Plusquam perfectum, fuissem |
Would I had been, thou hadst been etc. |
Futurum, fuero |
Pray God I be hereafter, thou beest hereafter etc. |
Potentialis
Praesens |
Primum: I can be, thou canst be, he can be, we can be etc. |
Secundum: I may be, thou mayst be, he may be, we may be etc. |
|
Imperfectum |
Primum: I could be, thou couldst be, he could bee, we could be etc. |
Secundum: I might be, thou mightst be, he might be, we might be etc. |
|
Perfectum |
Primum: I can have been, thou canst have been, he can have been, we can have been etc. |
Secundum: I may have been, thou mayst have been, he may have been, we may have been etc. |
|
Plusquam perfectum |
Primum: I could have been, thou couldst have been, he could have been, we could have been etc. |
Secundum: I might have been, thou mightst have been, he might have been, we might have been etc. |
|
Futurum |
Primum: I can be hereafter, thou canst be hereafter. |
Secundum: I may be hereafter, thou mayst be hereafter. |
Subiunctivus
Praesens |
Though I be, though thou best vel be, he be, we be etc. |
Imperfectum |
Though I were, thou werst vel wet, he were, we were, you were, they were. |
Imperfectum proprium |
Though I would be, thou wouldst be, he would be, we would be etc. |
Subiunctivum
|
Though I should be, thou shouldst be, he should be, we should be etc. |
Though I would have been, thou wouldst have been, he would have been. |
|
Though I should have been, thou shouldst have been, he should have been. |
Infinitus
Praesens, imperfectum |
to be, “être” |
Perfectum, plusquam perfectum |
to have been, “avoir être” |
Participium activum |
being, “étant” |
Participium passivum |
been vel bin {11} |
Verba apud Latinos cum praepositionibus composita interpretamur, praepositionis significatum ponendo post verbum, ut abeo, I go away, vel I go from; adeo, I go unto; ineo, I go into; exeo, I go out; circumeo, I go about; subeo, I go under; colloquor, I speak with; concurro, I run together; disrumpo, I break asunder; refero, I bring again; superaddo, I add moreover; supercurro, I run upon; impono, I set upon; obiaceo, I lie before etc.
Over solum valet super et trans. At in compositione qua cum omnibus fere verbis coagmentatur vincendi vel superandi vim habet, ut to overgo, eundo superare; to over-read, legendo superare; to overshoot, iaculando superare; to overspeak, loquendo superare, et id genus infinita. Eundem quoque sensum habet et out, ut to outride, equitando superare; to outleap, saltando superare etc.
Over etiam excessum agendi vult, ut to overpraise, nimis laudare; to overprise, pluris rem aestimare quam valet; to oversell, rem pluris quam quanti valet vendere; to overstudy, studere nimis; to over-read, legere nimis, et huiusmodi sexcenta; eundem sensum et out.
Under contrarium significat. To undersell, minoris vendere quam quanti est. Huiusmodi verbis accusativum, vel substantivum vel pronomen cum self addimus, ut he over-readeth himself, nimium legit; he over-plougheth the oxen, facit ut boves nimis aren’t; he over-laboureth his servants, facit ut servi nimis laborent; atque hic praegnantem significatum habet ut apud Latinos et Graecos.
With valet cum at in composito, nunc de, ut to withdraw, deducere; withhold, detinere nunc contra, ut to withstand, raro cum aliis componitur.
Un reddit verbum cum quo componitur contrarii significatus, ut to fold, plicare; to unfold, displicare; to clothe, induere; to unclothe, exuere, quam formam compositionis omnia recipiunt verba.
Mis in compositione oblique vel male significant, ut to misinterpret, male interpretari; to mislead, male ducere, aliquando cum nominibus ut mishap, mala fortuna.
Supinum primum Latinorum redditur aliquando ab infinitivo, ut eo visum, I go to see, aliquando a participio activo cum a, ut eo venatum, I go a hunting; piscatum eo, I go a fishing; eunt bibitum, they go a drinking; eunt stellas speculatum, they go a star gazing.
Ab adiectivis fiunt verba saepissime addendo en, ut sweet, “doux”; to sweeten, “adoucir”; sharp, acutum; to sharpen, acuere, et huiusmodi infinita.
Fiunt etiam a substantivis pene omnibus, ut a head, caput, to head, caput imponere (at to behead, significat decollare); a finger, digitus, to finger, digitis attrectare; a hand, manus, to handle, tractare; silver, argentum, to silver; a board, table, to board, “recevoir en pension”.
Horum verborum participia passiva frequenter usurpantur, ut a man well landed, “un homme qui a beaucoup de terre”; land well-watered, “terre là où il y a beaucoup d’eau”; a country well-meadowed, well- woodded, well-town‘d, well-villaged, “un pais plein de prés, de bois, de villes, de villages”, et huiusmodj innumerabilia.
On post verbum significat continuationem actionis, ut to speak on, loqui pergere. Aliquando idem ac upon, ut to set on, imponere, ὲπιτιθέναι. {n. p.}
Be in compositis auget significationem, ut to bewail, lamentari; to bethink, cogitare; to besmear, inungo; to betake, ut he betaketh himself to his book, omnino se dedicat literis; to bespit, conspuere; to foul, spurcare; to befoul, conspurcare, et sic in ceteris.
Anomala ordine alphabeti descripta:
Thema |
Aoristum |
Participium |
|
|
|||
A abide |
abode |
abidden |
remanere |
|
|||
arise |
arose |
arisen |
surgere |
|
|||
awake |
awooke, awoke, awaked |
awaked |
experge fieri |
|
|||
B backbite |
backbit |
backbitten |
calumniari verbatim, dorsum mordere |
|
|||
bear |
bore |
borne |
ferre vel parere |
|
|||
beat |
bit |
beaten |
verberare |
|
|||
begin |
began |
begon |
incipere |
|
|||
behold |
beheld |
beheld, beholden |
contemplari vel aspicere |
|
|||
bend |
bent |
bent, bended |
intendere |
|
|||
bereave |
berest |
bereft |
auferre |
|
|||
bid |
bad |
bidden |
iubere |
|
|||
bind |
bound |
bound |
vincire |
||||
bite |
bit |
bitten |
mordere |
||||
bleed |
bled |
bled |
cruentari vel mittere sanguine |
||||
blow |
blew |
blowen |
flare |
||||
break |
broke |
broken |
rumpere |
||||
breed |
bred |
bred |
procreare |
||||
bring |
brought |
brought |
afferre |
||||
build |
built |
built |
aedificare |
||||
buy |
bought |
bought |
emere |
||||
C can |
|
could |
been able |
posse |
|||
catch |
caught |
caught |
prensare |
||||
chaw |
chew |
chewed |
manducare |
||||
chide |
chid |
chidden |
reprehendere |
||||
choose |
chose |
chosen |
eligere |
||||
cleave |
cleft |
cloven |
“se prendre” |
||||
climb |
clombe |
climbed |
scandere |
||||
cleave |
clove |
cleft |
findere |
||||
cough |
cought |
cought |
tussire |
||||
come |
came |
come |
venire |
||||
comb |
kemd |
kemb vel kempt |
pectere |
||||
creep |
crept |
crept |
repere, serpire |
||||
D ding |
|
dung |
dinged |
infligere |
|||
dare |
durst |
dared |
audere |
||||
deal |
delt |
delt |
distribuere |
||||
do |
did |
done |
agere |
||||
draw |
drew |
drawn |
trahere |
||||
drink |
drank |
drunk vel drunken |
bibere |
||||
drive |
drove |
driven |
agere, pellere |
||||
E eat |
|
ate |
eaten |
edere |
|||
F fall |
|
fell |
fallen |
cadere |
|||
fell |
feld |
feld |
arbores cedere |
||||
feed |
fed |
fed |
pascere |
||||
feel |
felt |
felt |
sentire vel palpare |
||||
fetch |
fetched |
fetched |
“apporter” |
||||
fight |
fought |
fought vel foughten |
pugnare |
||||
find |
found |
found |
invenire |
||||
[fly] |
flew |
flown |
fugere vel volare |
||||
fling |
flung |
flung |
iacere |
||||
forsake |
forsook |
forsaken |
“abandoner” |
||||
freight |
fraught |
fraught |
onerare navem |
||||
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
glaciare congelare |
||||
G get |
|
got |
gotten |
parare |
|||
give |
gave |
given |
dare |
||||
go |
went |
gone |
ire |
||||
grow |
grew |
grown |
crescere |
||||
H hang |
|
hung |
hanged |
pendere |
|||
hear |
heard |
heard |
audire |
||||
help |
holpe |
holpen vel helpt |
adiuvare |
||||
hide |
hid |
hidden |
abscondere |
||||
hit |
hat |
hitten vel hit |
tenere |
||||
hold |
held |
holden vel held |
servare |
||||
K keep |
|
kept |
kept |
servare |
|||
know |
knew |
known |
noscere |
||||
L load |
|
lade |
loaden |
onerare |
|||
lead |
led |
led |
ducere |
||||
leap |
lept vel leap |
lept vel lopen |
saltare |
||||
leave |
left |
left |
relinquere |
||||
lend |
lent |
lent |
mutuo dare |
||||
lie |
lay |
laid |
iacere |
||||
loose |
lost |
loosed |
dissolvere |
||||
lose |
lost |
lost |
perdere |
||||
M make |
|
made |
made |
facere |
|||
meet |
met |
met |
obviam ire |
||||
melt |
melted |
molten |
fundere |
||||
P parbreak |
|
parbroke |
parbroken |
vomere |
|||
R reach |
|
raught |
reach’t |
porrigere |
|||
ride |
rid, rode |
ridden, rode |
equitare |
||||
ring |
rang |
rung |
pulsare nolam |
||||
rise |
rose |
risen |
surgere |
||||
run |
ran |
run |
currere |
||||
S see |
|
saw |
seen |
videre |
|||
seethe |
sod |
sodden vel sod |
bullire vel coquere |
||||
sell |
sold |
sold |
vendere |
||||
send |
sent |
sent |
mittere |
||||
shake |
shook |
shaken vel shook |
quatere |
||||
sheer |
shore |
shorn |
tondere |
||||
shed |
shed |
shed |
effundendo perdere |
||||
shine |
shone |
shined vel shone |
lucere |
||||
shite |
shit |
shitten vel shit |
cacare |
||||
shoot |
shot |
shot vel shotten |
τοξεύειν |
||||
shew |
shod |
shod |
calciamentum induere, calciare |
||||
shrink |
shronk |
shronk |
“retroissir”, succumbere oneri |
||||
sing |
song, sang |
song |
cantare |
||||
sink |
sunk, sank |
sunk |
dissidere |
||||
sit |
sat |
sitten |
sedere |
||||
skim |
skum |
skimmed |
“escumer” {12} |
||||
slay |
slew |
slain |
occidere necare |
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sleep |
slept |
slept |
dormire |
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slide |
slid |
slidden |
gliscere |
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sling |
slung |
slung |
funditare |
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swell |
swelled |
swollen |
“enfler” |
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smell |
smelt |
smelt |
olere vel olfacere |
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smite |
smit, smote |
smitten |
percutere |
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snow |
snewed |
snewed, snowed |
ningere |
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speak |
spoke, spake |
spoken |
loqui |
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spend |
spent |
spent |
impendere |
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spit |
spat |
spitten, spit |
spuere |
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spill |
spilt |
spilt |
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split |
split |
split |
findere |
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spread |
spred |
spred |
explicare |
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spring |
sprong |
sprong |
scaturire |
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spin |
span, spun |
spun |
nere |
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stake |
stoke |
staked |
“mettre argent pour jouer” |
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stand |
stood |
stood |
stare |
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steal |
stole |
stolen |
furere |
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stench |
stenched |
stenched |
sistere quod fluit |
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stick |
stook |
stickt |
haerere |
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sting |
stung |
stung |
infigere aculeum |
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stink |
stunk, stank |
stunk |
male olere |
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strow |
strew |
strown |
sternere |
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stride |
strid |
stridden |
divaricare |
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strike |
stroke |
stricken |
percellere |
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string |
strong |
strung |
instruere nervis |
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strive |
strove |
striven |
contendere |
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swear |
swore |
sworn |
iurare |
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sweat |
swet, swat |
swet |
sudare |
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sweep |
swept |
swept |
verrere |
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swim |
swam, swum |
swum |
natare |
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swing |
swong |
swung |
“brimballer”, oscillare |
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T take |
|
took |
taken |
accipere |
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teach |
taught |
taught |
docere |
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tear |
tore |
torn |
“dechirer” |
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tell |
told |
told |
dicere |
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thaw |
thawed vel thewd |
thawed |
“degeler” |
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think |
thought, thaught |
thought |
putare |
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thrive |
throve |
thriven |
crescere |
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throw |
threw |
thrown |
iacere |
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tread |
trode |
trodden |
“fouller” |
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W wear |
|
wore |
worn |
“user en portant” |
|||
weave |
wove |
woven |
“ordir” |
||||
weep |
wept |
wept |
lachrimare |
||||
wind |
wound |
wound |
|||||
wink |
wonk, winkt |
winkt |
connivere |
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win |
wan, won |
won |
vincere |
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wipe |
wipt |
wipt |
abstergere |
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work |
wrought |
wrought |
laborare |
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wring |
wrong |
wringed |
stringere |
||||
write |
writ, wrote |
written |
scribere |
||||
writhe |
writhed |
writhen |
torquere |
||||
whet |
whetted |
whet |
acuere, “aiguiser” |
Adverbia
|
in loco |
here, hic; there, illic; within, intus; without, foris; anywhere, usquam; nowhere, nusquam; where, ubi; everywhere, ubique; wheresoever, ubicunque; eitherwhere, utrobique; otherwhere, alibi; somewhere, alicubi; above, superius; below, inferius; aside, iuxta.
|
|
Loci
|
ad locum |
either, huc; thither, illuc; anywhither, quoquo; nowhither, nequo; whether?, quo?; whethersoever, quolibet; everywhither, quoquo; somewhither, aliquo; without, foras; otherwhither, aliorsum; upward, sursum; downward, deorsum; sideward, versum latus; forward, antrorsum; backward, retrorsum; |
|
|
a loco |
from hence vel hence, hinc; from thence vel thence, illinc; from within, intus; from without, foras; from whence vel whence?, unde?; whencesoever, undecumque; from above, superne; from below, inferne.
|
|
|
per locum |
this way, hac; that way, iliac; anyway, aliqua; the same way, eadem; no way, nequa. |
Temporis |
while, whilst, dum; when, cum; how long?, quamdiu?; lately, dudum; even now, iamdudum; so oft, toties; as oft, quoties; yesterday, heri; today, hodie; tomorrow, cras; early, mane; late, tarde; now, nunc; otherwhile, alias; whilom, olim; also, item; a little while, paulisper; a pissing while, a paternoster while, a long while, a dinner while, et sic cum plurimis nominibus spatium temporis denotantibus; often, saepe; seldom, raro; daily, quotidie; hourly, monthly, yearly, quotannis; weekly; at once, simul, etc. {n. p.}
|
Numeri |
once, semel; twice, bis; thrice, ter; four times, quarter; five times, quinquies; forty times, quadragies; a hundred times, centies; a thousand times, millies.
|
Ordinis |
from henceforward, de hinc; last of all, novissime; first of all, imprimis; at length, demum. |
Interrogandi |
why?, cur?; wherefore?, quare?; but why?, quin?; why not?, quippe ni?, why so?, quid ita?; how much?, quantum?; whence?, unde?; whether?, quo? |
Negandi |
no, minime; by no means, nullo modo; nay, non. |
Affirmandi |
yes, etiam; so, sic; ay, ita; altogether, prorsus; to wit, nimirum; apart, seorsim; man by man, viritim; town by town, oppidatim. |
Dubitandi |
ut peradventure, forsan; perchance, forsitan. |
Similitudinis |
ut so, sic; thus, ita; even so, sicuti; as it were, tanquam; even as, veluti; |
hardly, vix; scarce, vix; almost, pene; well-nigh, pene; |
|
rather, potius; especially, potissimum; nay rather, imo; nay, imo; |
|
twofold, bifariam; threefold, trifariam etc.; manyfold, plurifariam. |
De coniunctione
And, et; either, aut; or, vel; neither, neque; nor, nec.
Coniunctionem vel geminatam sic reddimus: vel scribit vel dictat, he either writeth or dictateth; nec scribit nec legit, he neither writeth nor readeth; et scribit et loquitur, he both writeth and speaketh.
But, sed; nay, but, at; truly, vero; but if, quod si.
Therefore, ergo; wherefore?, quare?
Forthy (poeticum), igitur; for, nam; whether, an; although, etsi; yet, tamen; notwithstanding, non obstante; at length, saltem; since, quando; sithen, quando.
De praepositione
Apud poetas frequenter postponuntur.
with, cum |
beyond, trans |
after, post |
unto, tenus |
within, intra |
from, a, ab |
upto, towars, versus |
without, extra, sine |
of, de |
out, ex |
about, circum, circa |
out of, e |
to, ad |
between, inter |
for, pro |
before, ante, ob, prae |
below, infra |
in, in |
against, adversus vel contra |
over, against, iuxta |
above, super |
on this side, cis |
by, per |
below, subter |
on that side, trans |
near, prope |
under, subter {13} |
|
beside, praeter |
Enallage partium
Substantivum pro adiectivo, ut sea water, aqua marina; field mouse, mus agrostis; water rat, sorex aquatic; sky colour.
Adjectivum pro substantivo, addendo articulum, ut take the good and leave the bad, “prennez le bon et laissez le mal”, ut apud Latinos triste lupus stabulis.
Adjectivum pro adverbio, ut he speakest eloquent pro eloquently.
Participium activum cum articulo pro nomine, ut the speaking pro the speech, elocutio; the looking pro the looks, aspectus; the going pro the gate, gressus.
Pronomen vice nominis addito articulo, ut the he, the she.
Verbum infinitum pro nomine, ut to speak well and seldom is wisdom, bene loqui et raro sapientia est.
Praepositio pro adverbio, ut he went before, praeiit.
Praepositio pro verbo, ut I will over the river, pro I will go over the river, transito flumen, quod Graecii familiare, aliae fiunt mutationes quas omitto. {n. p.}
De etymologia
Mixtam esse anglorum linguam non infitias eo quod et ceterae regiones fateri necesse habent, quae incolarum mutationes passae sunt. Maximam dialecti nostrae partem Germanis debemus, Normannis magnam, a Gallis spolia quaedam et verborum manubias retulerunt patres qui olim rerum in Galliis potiti sunt. Ab Italis equitandi, aedificandi aliquot vocabula transtulimus. Hispani gladiandi quaedam dederunt. De etymo verborum quae ab his traximus nullus loquar, quoniam quisque suae linguae peritus quae mutuo accepimus facillime notaverit. Heic solum voces quae a lingua Latina (communi ceterarum thesauro) propius absunt tractabo, quae vero longius petitae fuerint prudens sciensque omitto.
Nomina Latina in “tas”, “tas” vertunt in ty, ut veritas, verity; facilitas, facility.
Quae in “io” apud Latinos finiunt, a genitivis faciunt ion, ut institutio, institution; administration, etc.
Ab ornamentum, ornament ; auri pigmentum, orpiment, et sic de ceteris.
Quae in “alis” desinunt vertuntur in al, ut materialis, material.
A fortitudo, fortitude, etc.
Quae in “bilis” cadunt in ble mutantur, ut detestabilis, detestable.
Quae in “ntia” in nce, ut a temperantia, temperance; sapientia, sapience, etc. {14}
Verba ut plurimum a participiis passivis Latinis deducta sunt aliquando a themate.
Primae conjugationis Latinae plurima a participio, ut a celebratum, to celebrate; inanimatum, to inanimate, etc.
Quae vero duplicem consonantem in penultima habent cuiuscumque fuerint ordinis, formant nostratia a themate, ut to commend, condemn, to defend, to intend, a commendo, condemno, defendo, intendo.
Quaedam etiam ita sese non habentia a themate, ut to prepare, compare, to note, to provoke, a paro, noto, provoco.
Secundae coniugationis plurima a participio, ut to prohibit, exhibit, revise, etc.
Quaedam a themate, ut to contain, retain, a teno; to persuade, etc.
In tertia, a participio, ut to afflict, to reject, detect, respect, contract, exact, deduct, etc.
Quaedam a themate, to invade, deduce, traduce, etc.
Quaedam a participiis et gerundiis, ut to compose, dispose, expose, propose; a gerundiis: to compound, expound, propound. Haec Scoti a themate ducunt, ut to propone, expone, compone, etc.
In quarta a participiis, ut to invest, prevent, to exhaust. {n. p.}
Galli fere omnia a themate ducunt, nos e contra a participiis, quod argumento esse queat nos hoc genus vocabula non a Gallis (ut quidam volunt) sed ab ipso fonte petiisse.
Sexcenta sunt huiuscemodi verba et nomina quae Latine scientibus facile notari possunt. Verum nostrates his loquendi formulis nimis abunde utuntur, cum linguae propriae analogiam vel turpiter nesciant, vel prudenter negligant.
De compositione
Mira nobis in hoc genere felicitas, quo Gallos, Italos, Hispanos immane quantum superamus.
Saepe tria coagmentantur nomina, ut a foot ball player, qui pila ludit pede; a tennis court keeper sphaeristerii praefectus, Galicum “tripotier”; a wood cock killer, “un homme qui tue des becasses”.
Saepissime duo substantiva, ut handkerchief, “mouchoir”; tablenapkin, mappa; tablecloth, “la nappe”; headache, χεφαλαλγία; rainbow, areus caelestis; eyesore, oculorum dolor; heartache, cordolium.
Substantivum cum verbali frequenter, ut a manslayer, άνδροφόνος ; horse-stealer, “qui derobe des chevaux”. {15}
Substantivum cum verbo, ut woodbine, woodspeck.
Pronomen cum substantivo, ut self-love, φιλαυτία; self-freedom, άύτονομία; self-murderer, άὺτοχειρ.
Verbum cum substantivo, ut puff-cheek, φυσίγναθος; drawbridge, “pont-levis”, etc.
Adjectivum cum substantivo, ut new-town, νεάπολις; handicraft, Χειρισοφία.
Adverbium cum participio, ut up-rising, well-speaking, down-looking, etc.
Longum esset omnes huiuscemodi formas enumerare nam omnes orationis partes inter se vicissim cohaerent, atque id non sine summa elocutionis elegantia modo non inverecunde votamur.
Finis