De analogia anglicani sermonis liber grammaticus

Document TypeModernised
CodeTonkis
Typemanuscript
Year1612
PlaceLondon
Other editions:
  • semi-diplomatic
  • translation

De analogia anglicani sermonis liber grammaticus

Auctore Thoma Tonkisio anglo

e collegio sanctae et individuae Trinitatis in Academia Cantabrigiensi

Anno salutis MDCXII {1}

 

{n. p.}

 

Illustrissimo Principi Friderico eius nominis Quinto Romani Imperii Electori et Archidapifero Comiti Palatino ad Rhenum et utriusque Bavariae Duci etc.:

 

Dedicat inscribis

Thomas Tonkis {2}

 

{n. p.}

 

De literis

Caput primum

 

Literae nobis sunt quatuor et viginti.

 

A apud nos exilius exauditur quam a Gallicum, ut apple, answer, ancient.

At in fine ante duplex l, pronuntiatur ut apud Gallos, patenti et hiulco sono, ut all, small, tall, fall.

Sic in principio, medio et fine eorum quae consonantem post l habent, ut calmness, unfalty, falt.

 

B ut b Gallicum, beniamin.

 

C ut apud Gallos, ante e et j cum sibilo ut s, ante a, o, u, ut x vel k.

Ch ut ch Hispanorum, “mucho”, much; vel ut c ante e vel j apud Italos, ut “cento”: cheerful, chimney, chink, chosen.

Excipe vocabula a Graecis deducta, ut eunuch, ubi ch ut x.

 

D ut d gallorum in fine vero vocabuli liquidius auditur, ut proffered, loved, non profferet, lovet, ut Galli solent.

 

E in principio et medio ut e Gallorum, in fine vero pene deperit, temere tamen non adscribitur, producit enim vocalem antecedentem, eamque reddit magis claram et sonoram, ut spit, spite, clock, cloke, pil, pile.

E ante n in fine dictionis obscure sonat, ut sweetén, stréngthen, lénghthen.

E post l in fine obscure, ut tíckle, bríttle, fíckle, trémble, thímble.

E ante l solam in fine modo v consonans preaecedat, obscure, ut divél, drivél, évél, shovél.

E nunquam sonat a, ut accident, non “accidant” ut Galli.

F ut f Gallorum, ut fill, filbert.

 

G ante e et j vocales ut g Italicum, ut ginger, gerk.

Excipe give cum compositis, girl, girt, gimlet.

Excipe omnia etiam qua n ante g habent, cuiusmodi sunt omnia participia activa, ut loving, thriving, ubi g enuntiatur ut γ* ut finger, ringer, sing, fling, excipe ginger.

G ante u ut gu Gallorum, excipe languish, anguish, ubi ut gu Italorum.

G ante h, in media syllaba gutturalem reddit sonum, ut spright, light, affright, naught, taught, fraught, raught, caught.

 

H rarissime sine aspiratione legitur: having, hart, hasty, high.

H spiritum addit literae cui coniunctum, ut thigh.

H in honest, host, hostess, honour, cum derivatis quiescit. {3}

 

I ante vocalem eiusdem syllabae consonans, ante consonantem vocalis.

I consonans sonat g Italicum, ut javelin, jest, jade, jett, jealous, joyful, joint, junket, justle, justice.

I in principio et medio dictionum, ut i Gallicum, ut intimate, incident.

I vocalis in fine pleniore profertur sono, ut hability, ubi bili Gallice, ty anglice, at hoc in carmine plerumque fite, sepius enim pro y scribit ie.

 

K ut κ, kalender, knave.

 

L

 

more Gallico.

M

N

 

όμικρον habemus, et ’ωμέγα, unica tantum nota, sono differenti.

O ante duas consonantes vel densam, in principio vel medio vocabuli obscure profertur, ut often, importunate, other, brother, at ante consonantem solam, ut w ut open, over.

O in fine si vox consonanti clauditur obscure, ut not, begot, spot, aut si vocalis sequatur ut w, ut note, excipe desinentia in v consonante et e, ut love, move, prove, above, behove, etc.

O ante n in fine obscurissime, ut tomson, peason, contribution, oration, reason.

O ante w, in know, grow, snow, sow, row, flow, cum compositis, et in billow, willow, pillow, crow, elbow, ut w.

Oo ut ou Gallorum: good, blood, flood, rood, brood, mood.

 

P ut p Gallorum, ut princess, palsgrave, pretty.

Ph spumosius, ut φ Phillip.

 

Q nunquam sine u scribitur, sonat qu Etruschorum, ut question.

 

R ut r Gallicum, rustic, rule.

 

S inter duas vocales, ut z, muse.

Sh ut ch apud Gallos, ut shirt, sheet, languish, polish, vel ut sic Italorum.

 

T ut t Gallorum, tiding, tilting.

Th aliquando ut θ, aliquando vel d Hispanicum in fine, “verdad”.

Th in medio semper ut d Hispanicum, ut mother, brother, other, smother, exceptis a Graecis originem ducentibus, ut Athenien.

Excipe etiam haec vocabula, metheglin, strengthening, lengthening. {n. p.}

Th in fine ut θ, ut loveth, proveth, speaketh, et huiusmodi infinita. Excipe pauca verba, ut to bathe, to bequeath, to clothe, et haec nomina, sithe, sheath, tithe, wreath, et underneath ubi ut d Hispanorum.

Th in principio ut θ, ut theatre, thirsty, think, excipe that, then, thence, there, they, thine, this, these, those, theather, thou, though.

 

U inter duas consonantes vocalis, ut pull, full, pule.

In principio vocabuli ante vocalem consonans, ut veal, ante consonantem vocalis, ut upon, upright, uphold.

In medio inter duas vocales consonans incipitque syllabam, ut received.

In fine inter duas vocales quarum ultima est e obscurum consonans est, ut love, move, etc., etiam post l vel r, ut twelve, starve, carve, etc.

U consonans ut u Gallicum, vel digamam, villanie, vile.

U vocalis ante consonantem solam pronunciatur ac si interpuncta esset j, ut repute, refute, quasi repiute, refiute, at ante duas sonus ille j tollitur, ut putting, fulfill, et huiusmodi plurima, in fine etiam ante mutam, ut but, put, shut, etc.

 

W proprio quodam modo profertur, ut will, wilful, woodcock, winter, swear, sweep, sweeten, swill, dwell, twibill, twenty, twelve.

W in eadem syllaba aliquando sequitur s, d, t, ut in iam dictis exemplis, cum aliis consonantibus nunquam coniungitur in eadem syllaba, in diversis vero saepe, ut wormwood.

W post a, e, o in eadem syllaba sonat ut u in dipthongis au, eu, ou, ut shaw, sew, wow, quasi shau, seu, wou.

Wh summa cum aspiratione, ut what, whether, when, whom, who.

 

X ut x Latinum, ut box, pox, ox.

 

Y ut j unde saepe scribitur pro j.

 

Z ut ζ Graecum.

 

De dipthongis

 

Ae ut apud Latinos.

 

Aj

 

ut Italorum, ut whay, way, mau, autumn.

 

Au

 

Ea ut e masculinum Gallicum, ut bread, dead, feast.

Ej ut ej Latinorum, ut they.

Eu ut εu Graecum, greu, deu.

Oa ut ω, oak, smoak.

Oj ut oy in moy, ut annoy, boy, toy.

Ou apertius quam ou Gallorum, ut thou. {4}

 

Nulla pene apud nos quiescit litera, nimirum dum distincte loquimur.

Consonantes in fine dictionum durissime efferuntur.

Derivatio et compositio non variat literarum sonum.

 

De articulis

Caput secundum

 

 

Articulus est duplex

finitus, ut the, “le” vel “la” gallorum.

 

 

infinitus seu vagus, ut “a”, “un” vel “une”.

 

Articulus infinitus vim habet ut incerta et infinita declaret et definiat, ut a man, “un homme”; the man, “l’homme”.

Articulus finitus proeponitur appellativis: vel generaliter, ut the earth, “la terre”, vel specialiter, ut the nature of virtue, “la nature de vertu”.

Nomina propria et praenomina articulos recusant nisi sit emphaseos gratia, ut the Harry of Harries, Henricus Henricorum; the only she or he of the town, unicus ille vel unica ilia urbis, ubi she et he pro nominibus stant et significant “vir”, “femina”.

 

Articulorum declinatio

 

Quae ad contractionem attinet hic sine regulis scribemus; sic autem omnia collocamus, ut primum distincte loquendi et scribendi modus, tum vulgaris et contractus adscribatur. {n. p.}

 

Articulus finitus: the, “le” vel “la”

 

 

 

 

Contractio

 

 

N. the

 

 

 

G. of the

ov the vel o’the, vel o’th’

 

Singularis

D. to the

to th’

The

 

A. the

 

 

 

V. o the

 

 

 

A. from, by, with the

by th’

 

Pluralis a singulari

non differt

 

 

 

In vulgari et contractiore loquendi forma, et apud poetas, articulus the cum nominibus a vocali incipientibus contrahitur ut si una pars orationis esset, ut the ass, th’ass, όὐνος; the other, th’other, ατερος. the image, th’image, et hoc semper fit.

Aliquando ante h, cum h quiescit, ut th’host, th’honor, th’honest.

 

Articulus vagus : a, “un” vel “une”

 

 

N. a

 

 

G. of a ov a

 

 

D. to a

 

Singularis

A. a

A

 

V. caret

 

 

A. from, by, with a

 

 

 

 

Caret omnino plurali

 

 

Articulus a, si vocabulum sequens a vocali incipiat vel h tenui, accipit n, ut hiatus tollatur, ut an ox, an ass, an evening, an host, an honest, an honorable man.

 

De variatione nominum

Caput tertium

 

Declinatio nominum fit praeponendo articulos, ut

 

 

N. the man

th’man, ubi e tollitur et th’ ad praecedentem dictionem iungitur, ut I know th’man, pro I know the man.

 

G. of the man

ov th’man vel oth’man

Singularis

D. to the man

to th’man

 

A. the man

th’man

 

V. o the man

o th’man

 

A. from, by, with the man

from th’man, by th’man

Pluralis a plurali

nominis et articulo fit, ut the men etc.

 

 

 

Eodem modo variatur nomen cum articulo vago, ut a man, of a man, to a man, etc. {5}

 

De genere

Articuli, nomina, participia non agnoscunt genera.

Ε pronominibus he, ille, et she, illa admittunt generis distinctionem, id est, referuntur ad dictiones quibus sexus discrimen adest, ut he is here, ille adest; she is here, illa adest.

 

De numero

 

Articulis, adiectivis, participiis idem est singularis et pluralis, ut the man, the men; honest man, honest men; loving man, loving men; loved man, loved men.

 

Substantivorum pluralis fit addendo s singulari, ut hand, hands; stone, stones; bone, bones.

 

Finita in i vel y, in ss, in s consonante praecedente, et in x, accipiunt e in plurali, ut infirmity, infirmities; charity, charities; hardiness, hardinesses; purse, purses; box, boxes.

 

Quae, f habent in fine f vertunt in v consonante, ut calf, calves; beef, beeves; thief, thieves; knife, knives; wife, wives; life, lives.

 

Haec sunt irregularia: man, men; woman, women; sow, “truie”, swine; ox, “boeuf”, oxen; bee, “mouche a miel”, been; mouse, “souris”, mice; tooth, “dens”, teeth; louse, “poux”, lise; foot, “pied”, feet; cow, “vache”, kine; child, children.

 

De nominum analogia

Caput quartum

 

De adiectivis

 

Addendo syllabam less substantivi fini, fit adiectivum significationis contrariae redditque apud Graecos α στερητικόν, ut fearless, ἂφοβος; harmeless, ἂκακος; fatherless, motherless, brotherless, moneyless.

 

Syllaba un in principio vim στερητικήν obtinet ut a fained, “feint”, fit unfained, “non feint”; faithfulness, fidelitas, unfaithfulness, infidelitas. Reperiuntur aliae formae στερητικαί in eadem voce. Possumus dicere unharmless, ἀάατος vel ἐκ ἄκακος. At tales formae non sunt frequentes licet linguae analogia hanc libertatem ferre queat. {n. p.}

 

Si ful substantivo adiungas, fiet adiectivum eiusdem sensus, plenitudinem quandam significans, ut hopeful. Full enim valet plenum, ut fearful, harmful, sinful, guileful, mindful, memor.

 

Ly in fine substantivi adiectivum eiusdem significationis facit; ly, alike, similis, unde in ly finita similitudinem significant, ut lovely, fatherly, motherly, brotherly, sisterly, friendly.

 

Y in fine substantivi, adiectivum eiusdem sensus, ut water, aqua, watery, aquosus; aery, earthy, stony, fiery.

En substantivo adiunctum adiectivum facit materiale, ut beech, fagus, beechen, faginus; oak, ilex, oaken ilignum; gold, aurum, golden, aureus.

 

Syllaba some addita substantivo vel adiectivo sensum retinet, ut bright, clarus, brightsome; light, lucidus, lightsome; gladsome, noisome.

 

Ish substantivo datum fit adiectivum sensumque retinet, ut water, waterish; salt, saltish; fool, foolish; child, childish; slut, sluttish.

Datum vero adiectivo, sensum diminuit, ut red, rufus, reddish, subrufus; bitter, amarus, bitterish, subamarus; sweetish, yellowish, whitish.

 

De substantivis

 

Addimus syllabam ness adiectivo et fit substantivum sensus eiusdem, ut fearlessness, ἀφοβία; harmlessness, ἀκακία; motherlessness, τὸ ἀμῆτορ; fatherlessness, hopefulness, εὐελπισία; fearfulness, meticulositas; loveliness, τὸ φιλικὸν; fatherliness, paternitas; friendliness, τὸ φιλικὸν; earthiness, τὸ γηϊνὸν; stonyness, τὸ λιθινὸν; brightsomeness, claritudo; gladsomeness, τὸ χαρτικὸν; saltishness, ἁλμυρότης; bitterishness, ύποπικρότης. {6}

 

Idem accidit adiectivis principalibus, ut white, whiteness, albedo; good, bonus, goodness, bonitas; light, levis, lightness, levitas; smooth, laevis, smoothness, laevitas.

 

Vocabula quae continere aliquid possunt accepto ful fiunt substantiva mensuram significantia, ut spoon, cochleare, spoonful, cochlearium; hand, handful, “poignee”; house, “maison”, houseful; townful, shipful, spit veru spitful.

 

Vocabula vero quae contineri possunt vel re vel cogitatione addito ful fiunt adiectiva, ut supra fearful, disdainful, quae forma optime quadrat vocibus affectiones vel aliquod simile significantibus, ut hopeful, spiteful, ireful, guileful.

 

Hood vel head addita substantivis qualitatem notat, ut manhood, virilitas; womanhood, feminea virtus; knighthood, “la chevalerie”; priesthood, sacerdotium.

Aliquando adiectivis ut livelihood, vivacitas; beastlihead, “bestialité”.

 

Ship nominis cauda officium vel munus denotans, ut consulship, consulatus; praetorship, censorship; worship, dignitas; lordship, “signiorie”.

 

Est altera forma terminationis, ut kingdom, regnum; earldom, “counté”.

 

De verbalibus

 

Dicuntur a themate verborum definentium in vocalem addendo r, in consonantem er, ut to love, amare, a lover, amator; to dispute, a disputer; to sing, a singer; to cry, a crier; to hurt, a hurter; to knock, a knocker; to quaff, a quaffer; to hunt, a hunter.

Quaedam in ment finiunt, a verbis in dge, sh, ise vel ze finitis, ut judgement, abridgement, banishment, ravishment, punishment, impoverishment, disguisement, amazement. {n. p.}

 

De analogia adverbiorum

 

Adverbia ab adiectivis principalibus formantur appositione ly fini, ut honest, honestly; modest, modestly; fine, finely, “bravement”; true, truly, “vrayement”; formantur etiam a derivatis, ut friendlessly, fearefully, earthyly, lightsomely, saltishly, reddishly, woodenly, goodlily, friendlily fiunt etiam a participiis activis, ut lovingly, stealingly, et saepe a passivis, ut amazedly.

 

De gradibus comparationis

 

Comparantur recta et regularia in er, superlativa in est.

Hac vero forma adiectiva, participia, adverbia, abunde fruuntur.

 

Adiectivum

hopeful

hopefuller

hopefullest

 

per contractionem

hopeful’st

Participium activum

loving

lovinger

lovingest

louing’st

 

Participium passivum

learned

learneder

learnedest

learned’st

Adverbium

poorly

poorlier

poorliest

 

 

Aliter comparantur cum more, plus, et less, minus, vel too much, nimium, too little, nimis parum, quorum superlativum est most, exempli gratia:

 

hopeful

more hopeful

most hopeful

hopeful

less hopeful

least hopeful

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

alia forma superlativorum

upper

uppermost

higher

highermost

under

undermost

 

nethermost

lower

lowermost

former

formost

πρωτος

πρώτιστος

 

Quæ sequuntur sunt irregularia

ἄγαθος

good

better

best βέλτερος βέλτιστος

 

κακὸς

bad

worse vel worser

worst

μικρὸς

little

less vel lesser

least

 

De deminutivis

 

Raro admittimus deminutiva nisi in nominibus propriis quorum usus frequens, ut Richard, Dick; Thomas, Tom; William, Will; Robert, Robin, etc. Christofer, Kit; Elizabeth, Bess; Catherine, Cate, etc.

 

Aliquando in appellativis, ut lamb, lambkin; bull, bulchin, vel bullock; chick, chicken; goose, gosling; duck, duckling; suckling; dear, darling; stare, starling; capon, caponet. {7}

 

De pronomine

Caput quintum

 

Demonstrativa sunt I, thou, he, she.

 

 

 

 

Contactions

 

 

N. I

 

 

Singular

G. of me

ommee

 

 

D. to me

tommee

 

 

A. me

 

 

 

V. of me

 

I

 

A. from, by, with me

wimmee or wummee

 

 

 

N. we

 

 

 

G. of us

ov us

 

Pluralis

D. to us

 

 

 

A. us

 

 

 

V. caret

 

 

 

A. from, by, with us

 

 

 

 

N thou

 

 

 

G. of thee

ov thee vel o’thee

 

Singularis

D to thee

 

 

 

A. thee

V. caret

 

Thou

 

A. from, by, with thee

 

 

 

 

N you vel yee

 

 

 

G. of you

o’ you vel ov you

 

 

D to you

 

 

Pluralis

A. you

 

 

 

V. of you

A. from, by, with you 

 

wee-you

       

 

 

 

 

 

 

N. he

 

 

 

G. of him

ov’him vel on’im

 

 

D. to him

to’im

 

Singularis

A. him

im

 

 

V. caret

 

He

 

A. from, by with him

from’im, by’im, with’im

 

 

 

N they

 

 

 

G. of them

ov them, o’them, of’em, vel on’em

 

 

D to them

to’em

 

Pluralis

A. them

em

 

 

V. caret

 

 

 

A from, by with them

from’em, by’em, with’em

 

 

 

N. she

 

 

 

G. of her

ov’er

 

Singularis

D. to her

to’er

 

 

A. her

er

She

 

V. of she

 

 

 

A. from, by, with her

from’er, by’er, with’er

 

Pluralis non

differt a

plurali they

 

 

 

Addimus epitagmaticon myself hisce pronominibus, ut I myself, thou thyself, he himself; genitivus: of me myself, of thee thyself, of him himself.

Pluralis: we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves; genitivus: of us ourselves etc., of you yourselves, of them themselves etc, in obliquis.

 

praepositiva: my, thy, his; pluralis: our, your, their.

 

subiunctiva: mine, thine, his; pluralis: ours, yours, theirs.

 

Possessiva

 

Cum vox sequens a vocali incipit utimur subiunctivis praepositivorum vice, ut mine aunt, mine uncle, at hoc solum in numero singulari fit.

Possessivum nunquam recipit articulum, ut apud gallos “le mien” etc.

Provocabulum which vel that, reddit qui, quae, quod, referturque ad res et personas.

Who vero solum refertur ad personam, ut the man who loves you, vir qui te amat; numquam ad res non enim dicimus the stone who is hard, sed the stone which vel that is hard, saxum quod durum est.

Who in obliquis habet whom, ut of whom, to whom, whom, from, by, with whom.

Whose reddit cuius vel quorum, ut whose book is this, cuius est hic liber. {n. p.}

 

This singularis, “ce”; these pluralis, “ces”. That, illud; those, illa.

His post substantivum possessionem significat, ut Virgil his life, Virqilii vita; Scaevola his hand, manus Scaevolae; Caesar his commentary etc. Quod in scripta oratione saepe, et cum loquimur, semper contrahitur cum substantivo, hoc modo, Virgil’s life, Scaevola’s hand, Caesar’s commentary, Casaubon’s Polybius, at post nomina s finita, sic Polybius’us history, Claudius’is Messalina, Plautus’is comedies.

Thereof reddit Gallorum en, ut he hath eaten thereof, “il en a mangé”.

 

De verbo

Caput sextum

 

Unica nobis verborum coniugatio a qua quae deflectunt verba, sunt anomala.

 

In regularibus thema prius considerandum est, dein aoristum et participium passivum, a quo facta sunt praeterita tempora.

 

Aoristum verborum regularium fit a themate addendo d si litera ultima fuerit vocalis, ut to love, amare, aoristum I loved, amavi; sin consonans, ed, ut to omit, aoristum I omitted.

Litera characteristica nunquam mutantur.

Adiunguntur semper verbis personae.

Terminatio personarum pluralium non diffidet a prima singulari.

 

Passivum fit a participio passivo et verbo substantivo, ut I am loved, “je suis aimé”; I am hurt, “je suis blessé”. {8}

 

“J’aime”

 

 

 

 

Contractionis ratio

 

 

 

Singularis

I love

thou lovest

 

 

thou lov’st

 

 

 

he loveth

 

he lov’st

 

Primum

 

we

 

 

 

 

Pluralis

you

love

 

Praesens

 

 

they

 

the love

 

 

 

 

 

I do

 

 

 

 

Singularis

thou dost

love

 

 

 

 

he doth

 

 

 

Secundum

 

we

 

 

 

 

Pluralis

you

do love

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

Promiscue utimur duplici huius temporis forma, at saepius prima, secunda vero cum emphaticos loquimur, vel in interrogationibus.

 

“J’aimais”

 

 

 

I did

 

 

 

 

Singularis

thou didst

 

 

Imperfectum

 

 

he did

 

 

love

 

 

Pluralis

we

 

 

 

 

 

you

did

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

 

 

 

I loved

 

 

I lov’d

 

 

Singularis

thou lovedst

 

thou lov’dst

“J’aimais”

 

 

he loved

 

he lov’d

Aoristum

 

 

Pluralis

 

we

 

 

 

 

 

you

loved

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

Hoc tempus aoristum Graecum vel Gallicum reddit, ut I made, ἐποίησα, “je fis”.

 

 

 

I have

 

I’a

 

 

Singularis

thou hast

 

thou’ast vel brevis th’ast

 

 

 

hee hath

loved

hee has vel hee’as

lov’d

Praeteritum

 

we

 

we

 

 

Pluralis

you

have

you ay’a

 

 

 

they

 

they th’a

 

 

Hoc tempus vim praeteritum perfectum Graeci vel Gallici retinet, ut I have made, πεποίηχα, “j’ai fait”. {n. p.}

 

“J’avais aimé”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I had

 

I’ad

 

 

Singularis

thou hadst

 

thou’adst th’adst

 

 

Plusquam perfectum

 

hee had

 

loved

he’ad he’d

 

lov’d

 

 

we

 

we wee’d

 

 

Pluralis

you had

 

you adya’d

 

 

 

they

 

they

 

 

 

“J’aimerai”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I will

 

I’le

 

 

 

Singularis

thou wilt

 

thou’lt

 

 

 

Futurum primum

 

he will

 

love

he’le

 

love

 

 

Pluralis

we

you will

 

we’le

you’le

 

 

 

 

they

 

they’le

 

 

 

In prima persona singulari et plurali semper voluntas agendi significatur, in ceteris, modo voluntas, modo simplex futuri temporis eventus, ut he will come, “il viendra”; he will be hanged, “il va être pendu”. Primum: “il sera pendu”.

 

 

 

I shall

 

 

Prima persona

 

Singularis

thou shalt

 

 

utriusque numeri

 

 

he shall

 

 

subservit promissis

Futurum secundum

 

 

love

 

reliquae numquam

 

 

we

 

 

 

 

Pluralis

you shall

 

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

 

Hoc futurum necessitatem, certitudinem eventus, omnibus personis et numeris enunciat, saepe imperativi vim obtinet.

Secunda et tertia persona utriusque numeri subserviunt promissis et imperiis, prima vero nunquam, at Scoti aliter: qui cum dicerent I will love, dicunt I shall love you.

 

 

 

I shall

 

I shall’a

 

 

Singularis

thou shalt

 

thou shalt’a vel shat’a

lov’d

 

 

 

he shall

 

he shall’a etc.

 

Futurum tertium

 

 

have loved

 

 

 

 

we

 

 

 

 

Pluralis

you shall

 

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

 

Fit a futuro verbi have et participio praeteriti, unde significatio mixta est, Gallice “j‘aurai aimé”, I shall have written, γεγραφώς έσομαι et interrogative, shall one have sent so many to hell? Unus tot miserit orco?

 

Imperativus

 

Singularis

love

let him love

 

let im love

“Aime: qu’il aime”

 

 

let vs love

 

let’s love

 

Pluralis

love you

 

 

 

let them love

let em love

 

Let him love, verbatim, sine illum amare. {9}

 

Optativus

 

“Je prie dieu que j’aime”

 

 

 

I pray God

 

Singularis

I

thou

 

 

Praesens

 

he

 

love

 

 

Pluralis

we

you

 

 

 

they

 

Imperfectum ut aoristum indicativi, ut I would to God, vel I would (per contractio: I wud) I loved, utinam amarem etc.

Perfectum ut perfectum indicativi: I pray God I have loved, utinam amaverim.

Plusquam perfectum ut plusquam perfectum indicativi: I would to God, vel I would I had loved, utinam amavissem.

Futurum ut praesens, addendo hereafter, “cy-après”, ut I pray God I love hereafter.

 

Modus potentialis potentiam, permissionem, vel casum quendam enuntiat.

 

 

 

 

Singularis

I can

thou canst

 

 

Praesens primum

 

 

he can

 

love

 

 

Pluralis

we

 

 

 

 

you can

 

 

 

 

they

 

I can love, verbatim, possum amare, potentiam enim prima haec forma nunciat, ut nec sperent Tartara regem, hell cannot expect a king.

 

 

 

 

Singularis

I may

thou mayst

 

Praesens secundum

 

 

he may

 

 

 

 

 

love

 

 

Pluralis

we

 

 

 

 

you may

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

 

 

 

Haec forma permissionis vim habet, ut expectes hoc a me, thou mayst expect this of me. Primum: liceat tibi hoc etc. vel potes etc., I may speak the truth, licet mihi loqui veritatem; he may do me good, his casum significat.

 

 

 

Singularis

 

I could

thou couldst

 

I cou’d

thou cou’dst

 

Imperfectum primum

 

 

he could

 

love

he cou’d

 

 

Pluralis

 

 

we

 

 

 

 

 

you could

 

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

Fit a prima forma praesentis, eandemque vim tenet quoad significationem, ut I could say, dicerem, vel poteram dicere.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Singularis

 

I might

thou mightst

 

 

 

secundum

 

 

he might

 

 

 

 

Pluralis

 

 

we

love

 

 

 

 

you might

 

 

 

 

 

they

 

 

 

Fit a secunda forma praesentis, eiusque significationem retinet permissivam vel fortuitam. {n. p.}

 

 

 

Primum

I can have loved

thou canst have loved etc., ut

I can a lov’d

 

 

tempus praesens, have et participio

 

Perfectum

 

additis

 

 

 

 

 

 

Secundum

I may have loved etc. ut praesens

 

 

 

have cum participio addito

 

 

I can have loved, possum amavisse, amaverim.

I may have loved, forte an amaverim.

 

 

 

Singularis

I could

thou couldst

 

 

Primum

 

he could

have loved

 

 

 

Pluralis

we

 

 

 

 

you could

 

 

Plusquam perfectum

 

 

they

 

Fit ab imperfecto primo addito have cum participio I could have loved, amavissem, vel poteram amavisse.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I might

 

 

Secundum

 

thou mightst etc. ut imperfectum: apposito have cum participio

 

I might have killed him, licuerat mihi illum occidisse.

 

Futurum a praesenti non discrepat, ut I may love hereafter, I can love hereafter.

 

Subiunctivus

 

Praesens ut praesens optative, ut though I love, although I love, quamvis amem.

 

 

 

Singularis

I would

thou wouldst

I woo’d

thou wu’dst

I’de

thou’dst

 

Primum

 

he would

he wu’d

he’d

 

 

 

 

 

 

love

 

Pluralis

we

we wu’d

we’d

 

 

 

you would

you wu’d

you’d

 

 

 

they

they wu’d

they’d

 

“J’aimerais”

Imperfectum

 

I would speak, “je parlerais”, vellem loqui. Formatur a primo futuro indicativi, a will, would, though I would love, quamvis amarem vel quamvis vellem amare

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I should

I shou’d

 

 

 

 

Secundum

Singularis

thou shouldst

he should

love

thou shoud’st

he shou’d

love

 

 

 

 

we

we

 

 

 

Pluralis

you should

you shou’d

 

 

 

 

they

they

 

 

Though I should love, quamvis deberem amare; thou shouldst labour, deberes laborare; you should speak, “vous deuriez parler”. {10}

 

 

 

I would have loved etc. fit ab imperfecto addito have et participio.

I would have believed, crediderim vel credidissem; I would have said, dixerim.

 

Perfectum et

Primum

I would have granted, concesserim. Voluntatem semper indicat, ut I would have given, volueram dare.

plusquamperfectum

 

 

 

I should have loved, thou shouldst have loved, he should have loved etc.

 

Secundum

fit ab imperfecto addito have et participio, indicatio semper est debiti, ut I should have loved, debueram amare; thou shouldst have imitated, debueras imitari, vel imitatus esses

 

Infinitivus

 

Praesens et imperfectum: to love, amare.

Perfectum et plusquam perfectum: to have loved, amavisse.

Futurum: to love hereafter.

Participium activum loving fit a themate addendo ing. Si in consonantem definat, ut to help, helping, adiuvans. Sin in vocalem, reice vocalem et adde ing, ut love, loving; move, moving.

Participium passivum loved, in regularibus non discrepat ab aoristo.

 

De verbo substantivo, I am, sum, a quo cum participio passivo, omnia verba passiva facta sunt, ut I am loved, amor; I was loved, amabar etc.

 

Indicativus

 

Singularis

I am

thou art

 

 

th’art

“Je suis”

 

he is

 

he’s

Praesens

 

 

we

 

 

 

Pluralis

you

are

y’are

 

 

they

 

th’are

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I was

 

 

 

Singularis

thou wast

 

 

“J’étais” vel “je fus”.

 

he was

 

 

Imperfectum et aoristum

Pluralis

 

we

 

 

 

 

you

were

 

 

 

they

 

{n. p.}

 

“J’ai été”

Perfectum

I have been, thou hast been, he hath been etc.

 

 

 

Plusquam perfectum    I had bene, thou hadst been, he had been etc.

 

“Je serai”

Primum

I will be, thou wilt be, he will be etc.

Futurum

Secundum

I shall be, thou shalt be, he shall be etc.

“J‘aurai été”

Tertium

I will vel shall have been, thou wilt vel shalt have been, he will vel shall have been etc.

 

Imperativus

 

“Sois”

be thou, let him be, let us be, be you, let them be.

 

Optativus

 

Utinam sim, praesens

I pray God I be, thou be vel beest, he be, we be, you be, they be.

 

Imperfectum, essem

I would I were, thou wer’st vel wert, he were, we were, you were, they were.

Perfectum, fuerim

I pray God I have been, thou hast been etc.

Plusquam perfectum, fuissem

Would I had been, thou hadst been etc.

Futurum, fuero

Pray God I be hereafter, thou beest hereafter etc.

 

Potentialis

 

Praesens

Primum: I can be, thou canst be, he can be, we can be etc.

Secundum: I may be, thou mayst be, he may be, we may be etc.

Imperfectum

Primum: I could be, thou couldst be, he could bee, we could be etc.

Secundum: I might be, thou mightst be, he might be, we might be etc.

Perfectum

Primum: I can have been, thou canst have been, he can have been, we can have been etc.

Secundum: I may have been, thou mayst have been, he may have been, we may have been etc.

Plusquam

perfectum

Primum: I could have been, thou couldst have been, he could have been, we could have been etc.

Secundum: I might have been, thou mightst have been, he might have been, we might have been etc.

Futurum

Primum: I can be hereafter, thou canst be hereafter.

Secundum: I may be hereafter, thou mayst be hereafter.

 

Subiunctivus

 

Praesens

Though I be, though thou best vel be, he be, we be etc.

Imperfectum

Though I were, thou werst vel wet, he were, we were, you were, they were.

Imperfectum proprium

Though I would be, thou wouldst be, he would be, we would be etc.

Subiunctivum

 

Though I should be, thou shouldst be, he should be, we should be etc.

Though I would have been, thou wouldst have been, he would have been.

Though I should have been, thou shouldst have been, he should have been.

 

Infinitus

 

Praesens, imperfectum

to be, “être”

Perfectum, plusquam perfectum

to have been, “avoir être”

Participium activum

being, “étant”

Participium passivum

been vel bin {11}

 

Verba apud Latinos cum praepositionibus composita interpretamur, praepositionis significatum ponendo post verbum, ut abeo, I go away, vel I go from; adeo, I go unto; ineo, I go into; exeo, I go out; circumeo, I go about; subeo, I go under; colloquor, I speak with; concurro, I run together; disrumpo, I break asunder; refero, I bring again; superaddo, I add moreover; supercurro, I run upon; impono, I set upon; obiaceo, I lie before etc.

 

Over solum valet super et trans. At in compositione qua cum omnibus fere verbis coagmentatur vincendi vel superandi vim habet, ut to overgo, eundo superare; to over-read, legendo superare; to overshoot, iaculando superare; to overspeak, loquendo superare, et id genus infinita. Eundem quoque sensum habet et out, ut to outride, equitando superare; to outleap, saltando superare etc.

 

Over etiam excessum agendi vult, ut to overpraise, nimis laudare; to overprise, pluris rem aestimare quam valet; to oversell, rem pluris quam quanti valet vendere; to overstudy, studere nimis; to over-read, legere nimis, et huiusmodi sexcenta; eundem sensum et out.

 

Under contrarium significat. To undersell, minoris vendere quam quanti est. Huiusmodi verbis accusativum, vel substantivum vel pronomen cum self addimus, ut he over-readeth himself, nimium legit; he over-plougheth the oxen, facit ut boves nimis aren’t; he over-laboureth his servants, facit ut servi nimis laborent; atque hic praegnantem significatum habet ut apud Latinos et Graecos.

 

With valet cum at in composito, nunc de, ut to withdraw, deducere; withhold, detinere nunc contra, ut to withstand, raro cum aliis componitur.

 

Un reddit verbum cum quo componitur contrarii significatus, ut to fold, plicare; to unfold, displicare; to clothe, induere; to unclothe, exuere, quam formam compositionis omnia recipiunt verba.

 

Mis in compositione oblique vel male significant, ut to misinterpret, male interpretari; to mislead, male ducere, aliquando cum nominibus ut mishap, mala fortuna.

Supinum primum Latinorum redditur aliquando ab infinitivo, ut eo visum, I go to see, aliquando a participio activo cum a, ut eo venatum, I go a hunting; piscatum eo, I go a fishing; eunt bibitum, they go a drinking; eunt stellas speculatum, they go a star gazing.

 

Ab adiectivis fiunt verba saepissime addendo en, ut sweet, “doux”; to sweeten, “adoucir”; sharp, acutum; to sharpen, acuere, et huiusmodi infinita.

Fiunt etiam a substantivis pene omnibus, ut a head, caput, to head, caput imponere (at to behead, significat decollare); a finger, digitus, to finger, digitis attrectare; a hand, manus, to handle, tractare; silver, argentum, to silver; a board, table, to board, “recevoir en pension”.

 

Horum verborum participia passiva frequenter usurpantur, ut a man well landed, “un homme qui a beaucoup de terre”; land well-watered, “terre là où il y a beaucoup d’eau”; a country well-meadowed, well- woodded, well-town‘d, well-villaged, “un pais plein de prés, de bois, de villes, de villages”, et huiusmodj innumerabilia.

 

On post verbum significat continuationem actionis, ut to speak on, loqui pergere. Aliquando idem ac upon, ut to set on, imponere, ὲπιτιθέναι. {n. p.}

 

Be in compositis auget significationem, ut to bewail, lamentari; to bethink, cogitare; to besmear, inungo; to betake, ut he betaketh himself to his book, omnino se dedicat literis; to bespit, conspuere; to foul, spurcare; to befoul, conspurcare, et sic in ceteris.

 

Anomala ordine alphabeti descripta:

 

Thema

Aoristum

Participium

 

 

A

abide

 

abode

 

abidden

 

remanere

 

arise

arose

arisen

surgere

 

awake

awooke, awoke, awaked

awaked

experge fieri

 

 

B

backbite

 

 

backbit

 

 

backbitten

 

 

calumniari verbatim, dorsum mordere

 

bear

bore

borne

ferre vel parere

 

beat

bit

beaten

verberare

 

begin

began

begon

incipere

 

behold

beheld

beheld, beholden

contemplari vel aspicere

 

bend

bent

bent, bended

intendere

 

bereave

berest

bereft

auferre

 

bid

bad

bidden

iubere

 

bind

bound

bound

vincire

bite

bit

bitten

mordere

bleed

bled

bled

cruentari vel mittere sanguine

blow

blew

blowen

flare

break

broke

broken

rumpere

breed

bred

bred

procreare

bring

brought

brought

afferre

build

built

built

aedificare

buy

bought

bought

emere

 

C

can

 

 

 

could

 

 

been able

 

 

posse

catch

caught

caught

prensare

chaw

chew

chewed

manducare

chide

chid

chidden

reprehendere

choose

chose

chosen

eligere

cleave

cleft

cloven

“se prendre”

climb

clombe

climbed

scandere

cleave

clove

cleft

findere

cough

cought

cought

tussire

come

came

come

venire

comb

kemd

kemb vel kempt

pectere

creep

crept

crept

repere, serpire

 

D

ding

 

 

 

dung

 

 

dinged

 

 

infligere

dare

durst

dared

audere

deal

delt

delt

distribuere

do

did

done

agere

draw

drew

drawn

trahere

drink

drank

drunk vel drunken

bibere

drive

drove

driven

agere, pellere

 

E

eat

 

 

 

ate

 

 

eaten

 

 

edere

 

F

fall

 

 

 

fell

 

 

fallen

 

 

cadere

fell

feld

feld

arbores cedere

feed

fed

fed

pascere

feel

felt

felt

sentire vel palpare

fetch

fetched

fetched

“apporter”

fight

fought

fought vel foughten

pugnare

find

found

found

invenire

[fly]

flew

flown

fugere vel volare

fling

flung

flung

iacere

forsake

forsook

forsaken

“abandoner”

freight

fraught

fraught

onerare navem

freeze

froze

frozen

glaciare congelare

 

G

get

 

 

 

got

 

 

gotten

 

 

parare

give

gave

given

dare

go

went

gone

ire

grow

grew

grown

crescere

 

H

hang

 

 

 

hung

 

 

hanged

 

 

pendere

hear

heard

heard

audire

help

holpe

holpen vel helpt

adiuvare

hide

hid

hidden

abscondere

hit

hat

hitten vel hit

tenere

hold

held

holden vel held

servare

 

K

keep

 

 

 

kept

 

 

kept

 

 

servare

know

knew

known

noscere

 

L

load

 

 

 

lade

 

 

loaden

 

 

onerare

lead

led

led

ducere

leap

lept vel leap

lept vel lopen

saltare

leave

left

left

relinquere

lend

lent

lent

mutuo dare

lie

lay

laid

iacere

loose

lost

loosed

dissolvere

lose

lost

lost

perdere

 

M

make

 

 

 

made

 

 

made

 

 

facere

meet

met

met

obviam ire

melt

melted

molten

fundere

 

P

parbreak

 

 

 

parbroke

 

 

parbroken

 

 

vomere

 

R

reach

 

 

 

raught

 

 

reach’t

 

 

porrigere

ride

rid, rode

ridden, rode

equitare

ring

rang

rung

pulsare nolam

rise

rose

risen

surgere

run

ran

run

currere

 

S

see

 

 

 

saw

 

 

seen

 

 

videre

seethe

sod

sodden vel sod

bullire vel coquere

sell

sold

sold

vendere

send

sent

sent

mittere

shake

shook

shaken vel shook

quatere

sheer

shore

shorn

tondere

shed

shed

shed

effundendo perdere

shine

shone

shined vel shone

lucere

shite

shit

shitten vel shit

cacare

shoot

shot

shot vel shotten

τοξεύειν

shew

shod

shod

calciamentum induere, calciare

shrink

shronk

shronk

“retroissir”, succumbere oneri

sing

song, sang

song

cantare

sink

sunk, sank

sunk

dissidere

sit

sat

sitten

sedere

skim

skum

skimmed

“escumer” {12}

slay

slew

slain

occidere necare

sleep

slept

slept

dormire

slide

slid

slidden

gliscere

sling

slung

slung

funditare

swell

swelled

swollen

“enfler”

smell

smelt

smelt

olere vel olfacere

smite

smit, smote

smitten

percutere

snow

snewed

snewed, snowed

ningere

speak

spoke, spake

spoken

loqui

spend

spent

spent

impendere

spit

spat

spitten, spit

spuere

spill

spilt

spilt

split

split

split

findere

spread

spred

spred

explicare

spring

sprong

sprong

scaturire

spin

span, spun

spun

nere

stake

stoke

staked

“mettre argent pour jouer”

stand

stood

stood

stare

steal

stole

stolen

furere

stench

stenched

stenched

sistere quod fluit

stick

stook

stickt

haerere

sting

stung

stung

infigere aculeum

stink

stunk, stank

stunk

male olere

strow

strew

strown

sternere

stride

strid

stridden

divaricare

strike

stroke

stricken

percellere

string

strong

strung

instruere nervis

strive

strove

striven

contendere

swear

swore

sworn

iurare

sweat

swet, swat

swet

sudare

sweep

swept

swept

verrere

swim

swam, swum

swum

natare

swing

swong

swung

“brimballer”, oscillare

 

T

take

 

 

 

took

 

 

taken

 

 

accipere

teach

taught

taught

docere

tear

tore

torn

“dechirer”

tell

told

told

dicere

thaw

thawed vel thewd

thawed

“degeler”

think

thought, thaught

thought

putare

thrive

throve

thriven

crescere

throw

threw

thrown

iacere

tread

trode

trodden

“fouller”

 

W

wear

 

 

 

wore

 

 

worn

 

 

“user en portant”

weave

wove

woven

“ordir”

weep

wept

wept

lachrimare

wind

wound

wound

wink

wonk, winkt

winkt

connivere

win

wan, won

won

vincere

wipe

wipt

wipt

abstergere

work

wrought

wrought

laborare

wring

wrong

wringed

stringere

write

writ, wrote

written

scribere

writhe

writhed

writhen

torquere

whet

whetted

whet

acuere, “aiguiser”

 

Adverbia

 

 

in loco

here, hic; there, illic; within, intus; without, foris; anywhere, usquam; nowhere, nusquam; where, ubi; everywhere, ubique; wheresoever, ubicunque; eitherwhere, utrobique; otherwhere, alibi; somewhere, alicubi; above, superius; below, inferius; aside, iuxta.

 

 

 

Loci

 

 

 

ad locum

either, huc; thither, illuc; anywhither, quoquo; nowhither, nequo; whether?, quo?; whethersoever, quolibet; everywhither, quoquo; somewhither, aliquo; without, foras; otherwhither, aliorsum; upward, sursum; downward, deorsum; sideward, versum latus; forward, antrorsum; backward, retrorsum;

 

 

a loco

from hence vel hence, hinc; from thence vel thence, illinc; from within, intus; from without, foras; from whence vel whence?, unde?; whencesoever, undecumque; from above, superne; from below, inferne.

 

 

per locum

this way, hac; that way, iliac; anyway, aliqua; the same way, eadem; no way, nequa.

 

 

 

 

Temporis

while, whilst, dum; when, cum; how long?, quamdiu?; lately, dudum; even now, iamdudum; so oft, toties; as oft, quoties; yesterday, heri; today, hodie; tomorrow, cras; early, mane; late, tarde; now, nunc; otherwhile, alias; whilom, olim; also, item; a little while, paulisper; a pissing while, a paternoster while, a long while, a dinner while, et sic cum plurimis nominibus spatium temporis denotantibus; often, saepe; seldom, raro; daily, quotidie; hourly, monthly, yearly, quotannis; weekly; at once, simul, etc. {n. p.}

 

 

Numeri

once, semel; twice, bis; thrice, ter; four times, quarter; five times, quinquies; forty times, quadragies; a hundred times, centies; a thousand times, millies.

 

Ordinis

from henceforward, de hinc; last of all, novissime; first of all, imprimis; at length, demum.

 

Interrogandi

why?, cur?; wherefore?, quare?; but why?, quin?; why not?, quippe ni?, why so?, quid ita?; how much?, quantum?; whence?, unde?; whether?, quo?

 

Negandi

no, minime; by no means, nullo modo; nay, non.

 

Affirmandi

yes, etiam; so, sic; ay, ita; altogether, prorsus; to wit, nimirum; apart, seorsim; man by man, viritim; town by town, oppidatim.

 

Dubitandi

ut peradventure, forsan; perchance, forsitan.

 

Similitudinis

ut so, sic; thus, ita; even so, sicuti; as it were, tanquam; even as, veluti;

hardly, vix; scarce, vix; almost, pene; well-nigh, pene;

rather, potius; especially, potissimum; nay rather, imo; nay, imo;

twofold, bifariam; threefold, trifariam etc.; manyfold, plurifariam.

 

 

De coniunctione

 

And, et; either, aut; or, vel; neither, neque; nor, nec.

Coniunctionem vel geminatam sic reddimus: vel scribit vel dictat, he either writeth or dictateth; nec scribit nec legit, he neither writeth nor readeth; et scribit et loquitur, he both writeth and speaketh.

But, sed; nay, but, at; truly, vero; but if, quod si.

Therefore, ergo; wherefore?, quare?

Forthy (poeticum), igitur; for, nam; whether, an; although, etsi; yet, tamen; notwithstanding, non obstante; at length, saltem; since, quando; sithen, quando.

 

De praepositione

 

Apud poetas frequenter postponuntur.

 

with, cum

beyond, trans

after, post

unto, tenus

within, intra

from, a, ab

upto, towars, versus

without, extra, sine

of, de

out, ex

about, circum, circa

out of, e

to, ad

between, inter

for, pro

before, ante, ob, prae

below, infra

in, in

against, adversus vel contra

over, against, iuxta

above, super

on this side, cis

by, per

below, subter

on that side, trans

near, prope

under, subter {13}

 

beside, praeter

 

Enallage partium

 

Substantivum pro adiectivo, ut sea water, aqua marina; field mouse, mus agrostis; water rat, sorex aquatic; sky colour.

 

Adjectivum pro substantivo, addendo articulum, ut take the good and leave the bad, “prennez le bon et laissez le mal”, ut apud Latinos triste lupus stabulis.

 

Adjectivum pro adverbio, ut he speakest eloquent pro eloquently.

 

Participium activum cum articulo pro nomine, ut the speaking pro the speech, elocutio; the looking pro the looks, aspectus; the going pro the gate, gressus.

 

Pronomen vice nominis addito articulo, ut the he, the she.

Verbum infinitum pro nomine, ut to speak well and seldom is wisdom, bene loqui et raro sapientia est.

 

Praepositio pro adverbio, ut he went before, praeiit.

 

Praepositio pro verbo, ut I will over the river, pro I will go over the river, transito flumen, quod Graecii familiare, aliae fiunt mutationes quas omitto. {n. p.}

 

De etymologia

 

Mixtam esse anglorum linguam non infitias eo quod et ceterae regiones fateri necesse habent, quae incolarum mutationes passae sunt. Maximam dialecti nostrae partem Germanis debemus, Normannis magnam, a Gallis spolia quaedam et verborum manubias retulerunt patres qui olim rerum in Galliis potiti sunt. Ab Italis equitandi, aedificandi aliquot vocabula transtulimus. Hispani gladiandi quaedam dederunt. De etymo verborum quae ab his traximus nullus loquar, quoniam quisque suae linguae peritus quae mutuo accepimus facillime notaverit. Heic solum voces quae a lingua Latina (communi ceterarum thesauro) propius absunt tractabo, quae vero longius petitae fuerint prudens sciensque omitto.

 

Nomina Latina in “tas”, “tas” vertunt in ty, ut veritas, verity; facilitas, facility.

 

Quae in “io” apud Latinos finiunt, a genitivis faciunt ion, ut institutio, institution; administration, etc.

 

Ab ornamentum, ornament ; auri pigmentum, orpiment, et sic de ceteris.

 

Quae in “alis” desinunt vertuntur in al, ut materialis, material.

 

A fortitudo, fortitude, etc.

 

Quae in “bilis” cadunt in ble mutantur, ut detestabilis, detestable.

 

Quae in “ntia” in nce, ut a temperantia, temperance; sapientia, sapience, etc. {14}

 

Verba ut plurimum a participiis passivis Latinis deducta sunt aliquando a themate.

 

Primae conjugationis Latinae plurima a participio, ut a celebratum, to celebrate; inanimatum, to inanimate, etc.

 

Quae vero duplicem consonantem in penultima habent cuiuscumque fuerint ordinis, formant nostratia a themate, ut to commend, condemn, to defend, to intend, a commendo, condemno, defendo, intendo.

 

Quaedam etiam ita sese non habentia a themate, ut to prepare, compare, to note, to provoke, a paro, noto, provoco.

 

Secundae coniugationis plurima a participio, ut to prohibit, exhibit, revise, etc.

 

Quaedam a themate, ut to contain, retain, a teno; to persuade, etc.

 

In tertia, a participio, ut to afflict, to reject, detect, respect, contract, exact, deduct, etc.

Quaedam a themate, to invade, deduce, traduce, etc.

Quaedam a participiis et gerundiis, ut to compose, dispose, expose, propose; a gerundiis: to compound, expound, propound. Haec Scoti a themate ducunt, ut to propone, expone, compone, etc.

 

In quarta a participiis, ut to invest, prevent, to exhaust. {n. p.}

 

Galli fere omnia a themate ducunt, nos e contra a participiis, quod argumento esse queat nos hoc genus vocabula non a Gallis (ut quidam volunt) sed ab ipso fonte petiisse.

 

Sexcenta sunt huiuscemodi verba et nomina quae Latine scientibus facile notari possunt. Verum nostrates his loquendi formulis nimis abunde utuntur, cum linguae propriae analogiam vel turpiter nesciant, vel prudenter negligant.

 

De compositione

 

Mira nobis in hoc genere felicitas, quo Gallos, Italos, Hispanos immane quantum superamus.

 

Saepe tria coagmentantur nomina, ut a foot ball player, qui pila ludit pede; a tennis court keeper sphaeristerii praefectus, Galicum “tripotier”; a wood cock killer, “un homme qui tue des becasses”.

 

Saepissime duo substantiva, ut handkerchief, “mouchoir”; tablenapkin, mappa; tablecloth, “la nappe”; headache, χεφαλαλγία; rainbow, areus caelestis; eyesore, oculorum dolor; heartache, cordolium.

 

Substantivum cum verbali frequenter, ut a manslayer, άνδροφόνος ; horse-stealer, “qui derobe des chevaux”. {15}

 

Substantivum cum verbo, ut woodbine, woodspeck.

 

Pronomen cum substantivo, ut self-love, φιλαυτία; self-freedom, άύτονομία; self-murderer, άὺτοχειρ.

 

Verbum cum substantivo, ut puff-cheek, φυσίγναθος; drawbridge, “pont-levis”, etc.

 

Adjectivum cum substantivo, ut new-town, νεάπολις; handicraft, Χειρισοφία.

 

Adverbium cum participio, ut up-rising, well-speaking, down-looking, etc.

 

Longum esset omnes huiuscemodi formas enumerare nam omnes orationis partes inter se vicissim cohaerent, atque id non sine summa elocutionis elegantia modo non inverecunde votamur.

 

Finis

ToC